UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Stanley FRIEDMAN, Michael Lazar, Lester Shafran, and Marvin Kaplan, Defendants-Appellants.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued September 17, 1987.
Decided June 14, 1988.
As Amended July 18, 1988.
Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
Alan M. Dershowitz, Cambridge, Mass. (Nathan Z. Dershowitz, Victoria B. Eiger, Dershowitz & Eiger, New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellant Stanley Friedman.
Marvin E. Frankel, New York City (Debora K. Grobman, Jonathan L. Polkes, Lisa E. Davis, Kramer, Levin, Nessen, Kamin & Frankel, New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellant Michael Lazar.
Larry J. Silverman, New York City (Shira A. Scheindlin, Cynthia R. Finn, Scott Francis, Budd Larner Gross Picillo Rosenbaum Greenberg & Sade, New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellant Lester Shafran.
Gerald B. Lefcourt, New York City (Walter P. Loughlin, Newark, New Jersey, Joshua L. Dratel, Erica Horwitz, New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellant Marvin Kaplan.
Stuart E. Abrams, Asst. U.S. Atty. for S.D.N.Y., New York City (Rudolph W. Giuliani, U.S. Atty. for S.D.N.Y., William J. Schwartz, Bruce A. Green, Asst. U.S. Attys. for S.D.N.Y., New York City, of counsel), for appellee.
Arthur Eisenberg, New York City, for amicus curiae New York Civil Liberties Union.
Before CARDAMONE, WINTER and PRATT, Circuit Judges.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
WINTER, Circuit Judge:
The New York City Parking Violations Bureau ("PVB"), an agency of the City's Department of Transportation ("DOT"), collects parking fines. But the jury in this case found that the PVB was also used to collect bribes and kickbacks and had become a cesspool of corruption. It found that appellants Stanley Friedman, Michael Lazar, Lester Shafran and Marvin Kaplan had participated in the operation of the...
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