FARRIS, Circuit Judge:
The union constitution provided that only "full book" members could vote on all union-related matters. Members attain full book status by working on a ship at sea for six years. Members who have not attained full book status may exercise only limited rights within the union. In a 1981 constitutional referendum, full book members voted to raise quarterly dues from $30 to $50 and to reduce the time required to attain full book status from six...
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