HEANEY, Circuit Judge, with whom LAY, Chief Judge, BRIGHT, STEPHENSON, McMILLIAN and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges, join.
Robert Villanueva brought this action for civil damages under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, alleging that five correctional officers had deprived him of his civil rights when he was a pretrial detainee at the St. Louis County Adult Correctional Institution (Gumbo). At the close of plaintiff's evidence, the district court granted the defendants...
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