Plaintiff Gordon Tameny instituted the present action against his former employer, Atlantic Richfield Company (Arco),
Arco demurred to the complaint, contending that plaintiff's allegations, even if true, did not state a cause of action in tort. Arco conceded that California authorities establish that an employee who has been fired for refusing to perform an illegal act may recover from his former employer for "wrongful discharge." Arco contended, however, that the employee's remedy in such cases sounds only in contract and not in tort. The trial court accepted Arco's argument and sustained a general demurrer to plaintiff's tort causes of action. Plaintiff now appeals from the ensuing judgment.
For the reasons discussed below, we have concluded that the trial court judgment must be reversed with respect to the issue of tort liability.
1. The facts and proceedings below.
Because this appeal arises from a judgment entered after the sustaining of a general demurrer, we must, under established principles, assume the truth of all properly pleaded material allegations of the complaint in evaluating the validity of the trial court's action. (See, e.g., Alcorn v. Anbro Engineering, Inc. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 493, 496 [86 Cal.Rptr. 88, 468 P.2d 216]; Serrano v. Priest (1971) 5 Cal.3d 584, 591 [96 Cal.Rptr. 601, 487 P.2d 1241].)
According to the complaint, plaintiff was hired by Arco as a relief clerk in 1960, received regular advancements, merit increases and commendatory evaluations in his initial years with the company, and, in 1966, was promoted to the position of retail sales representative, the position he held when discharged by Arco in 1975. His duties as a retail sales representative included among other matters the management of relations between Arco and the various independent service station dealers (franchisees) in his assigned territory of Bakersfield.
The complaint alleges that beginning in the early 1970s, Arco, Arco's district manager McDermott, and others engaged in a combination "for the purpose of reducing, controlling, stabilizing, fixing, and pegging the retail gasoline prices of Arco service station franchisees." According to the complaint, defendants' conduct in this regard violated express provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act (15 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.), the Cartwright Act (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 16720 et seq.), and a specific consent decree which which had been entered in a federal antitrust prosecution against Arco.
On the basis of the foregoing allegations, plaintiff sought relief on five separate theories. The complaint alleged, in particular, three tort causes of action (wrongful discharge, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and interference with contractual relations), an action for breach of contract, and an action for treble damages under the Cartwright Act. Defendants demurred to the complaint, and the trial court sustained the demurrer as to all counts except for the count alleging a breach of contract.
2. (1) An employee discharged for refusing to engage in illegal conduct at his employer's request may bring a tort action for wrongful discharge.
Under the traditional common law rule, codified in Labor Code section 2922,
The Petermann court recognized that in the absence of contractual limitations an employer enjoys broad discretion to discharge an employee, but concluded that as a matter of "public policy and sound morality" the employer's conduct, as alleged in the complaint, could not be condoned. The court explained: "The commission of perjury is unlawful. (Pen. Code, § 118).... It would be obnoxious to the interests of the state and contrary to public policy and sound morality to allow an employer to discharge any employee, whether the employment be for a designated or unspecified duration, on the ground that the employee declined to commit perjury, an act specifically enjoined by statute.... The public policy of this state as reflected in the Penal Code sections referred to above would be seriously impaired if it were to be held that one could be discharged by reason of his refusal to commit perjury. To hold that one's continued employment could be made contingent upon his commission of a felonious act at the instance of his employer would be to encourage criminal conduct upon the part of both the employee and employer and serve to contaminate the honest administration of public affairs...." (174 Cal. App.2d at pp. 188-189.)
As the statement of facts set out above demonstrates, the present case closely parallels Petermann in a number of essential respects. Here, as in Petermann, the complaint alleges that the defendant employer instructed its employee to engage in conduct constituting a criminal offense. Plaintiff, like the employee in Petermann, refused to violate the law and suffered discharge as a consequence of that refusal.
Arco concedes, as it must in light of Petermann, that the allegations of the complaint, if true, establish that defendants acted unlawfully in discharging plaintiff for refusing to participate in criminal activity.
In support of its contention that an action for wrongful discharge sounds only in contract and not in tort, Arco argues that because of the contractual nature of the employer-employee relationship, an injury which an employer inflicts upon its employee by the improper termination of such a relationship gives rise only to a breach of contract action. California decisions, however, have long recognized that a wrongful act committed in the course of a contractual relationship may afford both
Sloane v. Southern Cal. Ry. Co. (1896) 111 Cal. 668 [44 P. 320] illustrates the early application of these principles. In Sloane, a passenger who had purchased a railroad ticket to San Diego and had been wrongfully ejected from the train before her destination sued the defendant railroad for damages in tort. In response, the railroad contended that the passenger's "only right of action is for breach of the defendant's contract to carry her to San Diego, and that the extent of her recovery therefor is the price paid for the second ticket, and a reasonable compensation for the loss of time sustained by her...." (111 Cal. at p. 676.)
The Sloane court rejected the defendant's contention, declaring that "[t]he plaintiff's right of action ... is not ... limited to the breach of [the] contract to carry her to San Diego, but includes full redress for the wrongs sustained by her by reason of the defendant's violation of the obligations which it assumed in entering into such a contract ... [S]he could either bring an action simply for the breach of the contract, or she could sue ... in tort for [defendant's] violation of the duty ... which it assumed upon entering into such a contract." (111 Cal. at pp. 676-677.)
Numerous decisions decided in the 80 years since Sloane confirm that "`it [is] well established in this state that if the cause of action arises from a breach of a promise set forth in the contract, the action is ex contractu, but if it arises from a breach of duty growing out of the contract it is ex delicto.'" (Italics added.) (Eads v. Marks (1952) 39 Cal.2d 807, 811 [249 P.2d 257] (quoting Peterson v. Sherman (1945) 68 Cal.App.2d 706, 711 [157 P.2d 863]); see, e.g., Jones v. Kelly (1929) 208 Cal. 251, 254 [280 P. 942]; Heyer v. Flaig (1969) 70 Cal.2d 223, 227 [74 Cal.Rptr. 225, 449 P.2d 161]; Distefano v. Hall (1963) 218 Cal.App.2d 657, 678 [32 Cal.Rptr. 770].) In conformity with this principle, recent decisions have held that a month-to-month tenant who is wrongfully evicted for exercising the statutory "repair and deduct" remedy may maintain a tort action for compensatory and punitive damages against his landlord. (See, e.g., Aweeka v. Bonds (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 278, 281 [97 Cal.Rptr. 650].)
Past California wrongful discharge cases confirm the availability of a tort cause of action in circumstances similar to those of the instant case. In Kouff v. Bethlehem-Alameda Shipyard (1949) 90 Cal.App.2d 322 [202 P.2d 1059], for example, the court held that an employee who had been improperly discharged from his job for acting as an election poll official could maintain a tort cause of action against his employer for compensatory and punitive damages.
Moreover, California courts have not been alone in recognizing the propriety of a tort remedy when an employer's discharge of an employee contravenes the dictates of public policy. In Nees v. Hocks (1975) 272 Or. 210 [536 P.2d 512], for example, the Oregon Supreme Court upheld an employee's recovery of compensatory damages in tort for the emotional distress suffered when her employer discharged her for serving on a jury. Similarly, in Harless v. First Nat. Bank in Fairmont (1978) ___ W. Va. ___ [246 S.E.2d 270], the Supreme Court of West Virginia upheld a wrongful discharge action by a bank employee who was terminated for attempting to persuade his employer to comply with consumer protection laws, reasoning that "where the employer's motivation for [a] discharge contravenes some substantial public policy principle, then the employer may be liable to the employee for damages occasioned by the discharge," and concluding that the employee's cause of action "is one in tort and it therefore follows that rules relating to tort damages would be applicable." (Id., at p. 275, fn. 5.)
These recent decisions demonstrate a continuing judicial recognition of the fact, enunciated by this court more than 35 years ago, that "[t]he days when a servant was practically the slave of his master have long since passed." (Greene v. Hawaiian Dredging Co. (1945) 26 Cal.2d 245, 251 [157 P.2d 367].) In the last half century the rights of employees have not only been proclaimed by a mass of legislation touching upon almost every aspect of the employer-employee relationship, but the courts have likewise evolved certain additional protections at common law. The courts have been sensitive to the need to protect the individual employee from discriminatory exclusion from the opportunity of employment whether it be by the all-powerful union or employer. (See James v. Marinship Corp. (1944) 25 Cal.2d 721 [155 P.2d 329, 160 A.L.R. 900]; Gay Law Students Assn. v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 458 [156 Cal.Rptr. 14, 595 P.2d 592].) This development at common law shows that the employer is not so absolute a sovereign of the job that there are not limits to his prerogative. One such limit at least is the present case. The employer cannot condition employment upon required participation in unlawful conduct by the employee.
We hold that an employer's authority over its employee does not include the right to demand that the employee commit a criminal act to further its interests, and an employer may not coerce compliance with such unlawful directions by discharging an employee who refuses to follow such an order. An employer engaging in such conduct violates a basic duty imposed by law upon all employers, and thus an employee who has suffered damages as a result of such discharge may maintain a tort action for wrongful discharge against the employer.
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Bird, C.J., Mosk, J., Richardson, J., and Newman, J., concurred.
I concur in the judgment.
In my view the cause of action here in question flows from a clear statutory source — i.e., the provisions of section 2856 of the Labor Code. (Cf. Montalvo v. Zamora (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d 69, 73-75 [86 Cal.Rptr. 401].) Accordingly, I see no reason to search further for it among the vague and ill-defined dictates of "fundamental public policy."
I dissent.
The role of this court does not include overseeing — then overruling — legislatively declared policy. (Cal. Const., art. III, § 3.) In the belief we know better the needs of society, we again substitute our policy judgment for that of the Legislature, not even attempting to act under constitutional or other than personal compulsion. (See Gay Law Students
The legislative policy at issue in this case is declared in Labor Code section 2922 providing that employment without particular term may be terminated at will by either employee or employer. (Ante, p. 172, fn. 6.) The Legislature went on to declare limited exceptions to the right of an employer to terminate an employment relationship. An employee may proceed in tort if dismissed because of absence from work to fulfill an obligation as an election officer (see Elec. Code, § 1655; Kouff v. Bethlehem-Alameda Shipyard (1949) 90 Cal.App.2d 322 [202 P.2d 1059]), or because of participation in labor activities encouraged and authorized by the Legislature (see Lab. Code, § 923; Montalvo v. Zamora (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d 69 [86 Cal.Rptr. 401]; Wetherton v. Growers Farm Labor Assn. (1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 168 [79 Cal.Rptr. 543]; Glenn v. Clearman's Golden Cock Inn, Inc. (1961) 192 Cal.App.2d 793 [13 Cal.Rptr. 769]; see also, Healdsburg Police Officers Assn. v. City of Healdsburg (1976) 57 Cal.App.3d 444 [129 Cal.Rptr. 216]). These are legislatively created exceptions giving rise to causes of action in tort. The majority improperly rely on such legislative exceptions to justify their own new exception. We err because the Legislature, by stating the general rule and expressly making exceptions thereto, must be deemed to intend no other exception for now. This court should — as others will — recognize not only a lack of legislative authorization for our new cause of action, but also recognize a legislative intent to reject such cause of action.
The California cases on which the majority rely either fall within the legislatively declared exceptions or are substantively distinguishable. The majority attempt to rely on Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters (1959) 174 Cal.App.2d 184 [344 P.2d 25], noting "the present case closely parallels Petermann in a number of essential respects." (Ante, p. 174.) It doesn't work. Petermann holds only that the alleged discharge of an employee for refusal to commit perjury constitutes a breach of contract; the case doesn't hint of tort liability. Petermann at most stands for the proposition that termination even for
The majority also attempt to rely on cases wherein the negligent or intentional breach of a duty arising out of contract constitutes grounds for action in tort, as in the case of wrongful ejection of a ticketed passenger by a railway company. (Sloane v. Southern Cal. Ry. Co. (1896) 111 Cal. 668 [44 P. 320]; see also Heyer v. Flaig (1969) 70 Cal.2d 223 [74 Cal.Rptr. 225, 449 P.2d 161]; Eads v. Marks (1952) 39 Cal.2d 807 [249 P.2d 257]; Jones v. Kelly (1929) 208 Cal. 251 [280 P. 942]; Distefano v. Hall (1963) 218 Cal.App.2d 657 [32 Cal.Rptr. 770].) There is no question that as a matter of general law a duty originating in contract, as well as a duty owing generally to all persons, may be breached in a manner giving rise to an action ex delicto. However, this does not mean every breach of a contractual duty is delictual.
The cases relied on by the majority wherein causes of action ex delicto arise out of breach of contractual duty are clearly distinguishable. The actionable conduct in each case constituted both contractual and tortious breaches, whereas in the instant case the breach — if termination of a no-term employment contract is a breach (see Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, supra, 174 Cal.App.2d 184) — is contractual only. Thus in Sloane the breach consisted in unlawfully ejecting the ticketed passenger from a train on which she had contracted to travel. (Sloane v. Southern Cal. Ry. Co., supra, 111 Cal. 668, 676-677.) In Heyer the breach consisted of the negligent failure of an attorney to provide proper testamentary provisions in a will, as he had contracted to do. (Heyer v. Flaig, supra, 70 Cal.2d 223, 229.) In Eads the breach consisted of the negligent failure to place a glass container of milk beyond the reach of a child in violation of an agreement to place the container in a safe place. (Eads v. Marks, supra, 39 Cal.2d 807, 812.) In Jones the breach consisted of the tortious termination of a water supply by a landlord who had contracted to provide water. (Jones v. Kelly, supra, 208 Cal. 251, 255.) In Distefano the breach consisted of the negligent failure of a contractor to supervise construction he had contracted to supervise. (Distefano v. Hall, supra, 218 Cal.App.2d 657, 676, 678.) The majority further rely on Aweeka v. Bonds (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 278 [97 Cal.Rptr. 650], but in that case a cause of action for unlawful eviction was held to lie because the eviction was found retaliatory for the tenant's assertion of a statutory right, and the right to such an action was deemed statutorily authorized. (See Civ. Code, §§ 1941, 1942.)
Other decisive reasons clearly show why the Sloane group of cases is improperly applied in this case by the majority. None deals with breach of an employment contract, and none involves as here a statutory scheme declaring legislative intent.
The majority's further reliance on decisions in sister states totally without reference to governing statutory schemes (ante, p. 177), and our court's declaration that we are "sensitive to the need to protect the individual employee from discriminatory exclusion from the opportunity of employment whether it be by the all-powerful union or employer" (ante, p. 178), reveals a rank insensitivity to our judicial role. Today's
The judgment of the trial court should be affirmed.
Appellant's petition for a rehearing was denied July 2, 1980. Clark, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
FootNotes
Thereafter, when an amicus filed a brief in this court discussing, inter alia, the treble damage count, defendants filed a supplementary brief contending that plaintiff had abandoned the antitrust claim. The amicus then filed a supplementary brief arguing that plaintiff indeed had not abandoned that contention; plaintiff nevertheless did not respond to the defendants' claim by letter or brief and did not raise the treble-damage issue at oral argument. Although we recognize that we have jurisdiction to determine the antitrust issue (see Menchaca v. Helms Bakeries, Inc. (1968) 68 Cal.2d 535, 541, fn. 1 [67 Cal.Rptr. 775, 439 P.2d 903]), we believe that under the circumstances we may appropriately conclude that plaintiff does not press and hence abandons the treble-damage claim in this court.
In a similar vein, we think that the count of the complaint seeking recovery for intentional interference with contractual relations should not be viewed as stating a cause of action distinct from the wrongful discharge claim. (Cf. Top Serv. Body Shop, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1978) 283 Or. 201 [582 P.2d 1365, 1368-1371].)
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