Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied October 7, 1974.
RONEY, Circuit Judge:
There are two issues in this 10b-5 securities fraud case: first, whether the promissory note given together with a trust deed for a bank loan is a security controlled by the federal securities acts, and second, whether the pledge of corporate stock for renewal of the bank loan constituted a sale within the meaning of the securities law. On a motion to dismiss, the District Court held that under the allegations of fact in the complaint, neither the execution and delivery of the promissory note nor any of the associated transactions, which included the pledge of stock, constituted a sale of a security within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Court, therefore, dismissed the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 352 F.Supp. 454 (N.D.Tex. 1973). We affirm.
The facts are fully set forth in the District Court opinion. Briefly, plaintiff Juanita Hanslik McClure was taken advantage of by her ex-husband, Adolph Hanslik, who has been discharged in bankruptcy so that any financial relief available to her must come from the First National Bank of Lubbock, Texas, and its vice-president and loan officer, Sterling Emens, Jr. The fraud theory against these two defendants is based on a $200,000 loan made by the Bank to a corporation, Gaines County Developments (GCD), which was half owned by Mrs. McClure. The stock had been divided between her and her husband in a domestic property settlement. Suing individually and derivatively on behalf of GCD, Mrs. McClure alleges that Hanslik
Since this case comes to us for review of a dismissal of a complaint on jurisdictional grounds, we do not reach factual issues and need not concern ourselves with whether actionable fraud is alleged in the complaint either under federal securities law or under state law. Fraud is assumed for the purpose of this review. If the District Court had jurisdiction of the subject matter of the complaint, the case would have to be remanded for full development of the facts and issues surrounding these transactions. Subject matter jurisdiction must be found, if at all, under section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C.A. § 78j(b), and SEC Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (1973). The decision as to whether the Court had subject matter jurisdiction turns on whether under the facts of this case there was a purchase or sale of a security within the meaning of the Act.
I.
The first question is whether the note given to the Bank for the loan is a security within the meaning of the Act. Although the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides that the term security means "any" note, judicial decisions have restricted the application of the Act to those notes that are investment in nature and have excluded notes which are only reflective of individual commercial transactions. The path laid down by these decisions is not entirely clear because of the difficulty in expressing in judicial opinions the characteristics of those note transactions to which the term "any note" does not apply. The authorities are reasonably consistent, however, in holding that the Act does not cover all notes. A review of the decisions convinces us that the notes executed and delivered to the Bank are the kind that are not covered. Indeed, the way to this decision has been clearly indicated by a recently published opinion by Judge Walter P. Gewin, writing for another panel of this Court, which says that the reasoning of the District Judge in this case is compelling. Bellah v. First National Bank, 495 F.2d 1109 (5th Cir. 1974). We, of course, are bound only by the holding of other panels, not by the language of the opinions, but we believe that it would take en banc consideration for our Court now to hold that these notes are covered by the Act in the face or that decision.
In Bellah, the Court had under consideration a 10b-5 fraud complaint brought by two individuals against a bank which had renewed prior credit to them upon execution of a new promissory note and a deed of trust. Since the notes were of a six-month duration, the Court was considering whether the exemption in the Act of "any note . . . which has a maturity at the time of issuance of not exceeding nine months" should be applied. 15 U.S.C.A. § 78c(a) (10). Finding that judicial decisions had modified the exemption of "any" such note to exclude only so-called commercial notes, and not investment notes, the Court was compelled to determine whether the promissory note and deed of trust executed in favor of a bank for funds loaned for use in the borrowers livestock business were issued in the context of a commercial loan transaction and "beyond the purview of the Act." 495 F.2d 1114.
On the other hand, where notes have been deemed securities within the meaning of the securities laws, either of two factors, not present here, usually indicated the investment overtones of the underlying transactions.
Second, in the case at bar, the Bank ostensibly extended its loan so that GCD might pay off its business debt. Thus, GCD did not obtain investment assets, directly or indirectly, in exchange for its notes. See Rekant v. Desser, 425 F.2d 872 (5th Cir. 1970) (real estate corporation issued note and stock to obtain land for subdivision); Alberto-Culver Co. v. Scherk, 484 F.2d 611 (7th Cir. 1973), rev'd on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 94 S.Ct. 2449, 40 L.Ed.2d ___ (1974) (corporate note issued in purchase of foreign business entities); Movielab, Inc. v. Berkey Photo, Inc., 452 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1971) (corporation issued promissory notes in exchange for assets of film processing and optical businesses); Ingenito v. Bermec Corp., 376 F.Supp. 1154 (S.D.N.Y.1974) (new notes containing different terms substituted for original notes given for tax sheltered cattle and cattle management contracts); Davis v. Avco Corp., 371 F.Supp. 782 (N.D.Ohio 1974) (notes given for loan to be used to buy into a pyramid distribution scheme with which finance company was associated); Olympic Capital Corp. v. Newman, 276 F.Supp. 646 (C.D.Cal.1967) (that note evidencing debt to small business investment company was security not questioned by parties); cf. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. v. American Barmag Corp., 339 F.Supp. 1401 (D.S.C.1972) (bills of exchange issued for industrial machinery a form of notes subject to the Act.)
We realize that our holding today that the Act does not apply to commercial notes of a longer duration than nine months, taken with the decisions voiding the short-term exemption as to investment paper, virtually writes that exemption out of the law. On one hand, the Act covers all investment notes, no matter how short their maturity, because they are not encompassed by the "any note" language of the exemption.
II.
Mrs. McClure's second argument is that her pledge of her stock in consideration for the Bank's renewal of the GCD loan was a "sale of any security" protected by the anti-fraud provisions of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5. We do not doubt that a pledge of securities can constitute a "sale" in some cases, but we hold that the pledge was not a sale in the circumstances of this case.
The securities acts have as their fundamental purpose the protection of investors. To this end they are designed to "substitute a philosophy of full disclosure for the philosophy of caveat emptor and thus achieve a high standard of business ethics in the securities industry." Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 151, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 1471, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972), quoting SEC v. Capital Gains Research Bureau, Inc., 375 U.S. 180, 186, 84 S.Ct. 275, 11 L.Ed.2d 237 (1963). A commercial bank in accepting a pledge of stock as additional consideration for the extension of an overdue commercial loan does not necessarily affect the securities industry. A commercial bank's business is lending money not trading in securities. Cf. Bronner v. Goldman, 361 F.2d 759 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 933, 87 S.Ct. 295, 17 L.Ed.2d 214 (1966) (factor selling pledged stock not a "broker" or "dealer"). If the bank sells stock pledged as loan collateral, it might than be subjected to liability in connection with the sale if it does not meet the requirements of the anti-fraud provisions of the securities acts, but mere acceptance of a stock pledge as collateral in a privately negotiated transaction between borrower and lender does not, of itself, bring within the scope of the federal securities acts a transaction otherwise outside their purview. See 1 L. Loss, Securities Regulation 649 (2d ed. 1961).
The cases relied upon by Mrs. McClure, SEC v. Guild Films Co., 279 F.2d 485 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 364 U.S. 819, 81 S.Ct. 52, 5 L.Ed.2d 49 (1960); SEC v. Pig'n Whistle Corp., 359 F.Supp. 219 (N.D.Ill.1973); SEC v. National Bankers Life Insurance Co., 334 F.Supp. 444 (N.D.Tex.1971), aff'd, 477 F.2d 920 (5th Cir. 1973); and American Bank & Trust Co. v. Joste, 323 F.Supp. 843 (W. D.La.1970), do not mandate a contrary conclusion. Except for joste, these cases involved the question of whether a pledge of unregistered stock is a sale for purposes of section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C.A. § 77e. In the framework of that section, the pledge of unregistered stock as loan collateral is a "sale" because it causes the bank to become an "underwriter" when it forecloses and sells the unregistered securities. SEC v. National Bankers Life Insurance Co., 324 F.Supp. 189, 194 (N.D.Tex.), aff'd mem., 448 F.2d 652 (5th Cir. 1971). See also 1 L. Loss, Securities Regulation 645-651 (2d ed. 1961). In this context, it is significant that, unlike the case at bar, each of the section 5 cases involved sale of the pledged stock by the pledgee after the pledgor defaulted. Joste, too, although an action brought under an anti-fraud provision of the 1933 Act, 15 U.S.C.A. § 77l, is distinguishable on the ground that the bank therein sold the pledged stock upon default. On the other hand, in this case
Affirmed.
Comment
User Comments