DYER, Circuit Judge:
This appeal raises two questions: (1) whether an in rem judgment was properly entered against the SS PORTORIA even though the vessel was not arrested; and (2) whether the vessel owner, Industriale Maritima S.P.A., is subject to an in personam judgment as a carrier because the voyage sub-charterer of the vessel issued a bill of lading subscribed "signed as per authority of the Master." Because the district court erroneously resolved both these...
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