BARHAM, Justice.
Arlene King Babineaux instituted this suit alleging that she, as surviving wife and in her capacity as representative of four minor children, was entitled under Civil Code Article 2315 to damages sustained through the wrongful death of Cecyl Paul Babineaux, alleged to be the husband of petitioner and the father of the
There are two issues presented for our consideration: (1) The question of the correctness of the courts below in their determination that Arlene King Babineaux had no individual right of action for the wrongful death of Cecyl Babineaux; and (2) the correctness of the courts below in holding that the minor Drake Paul Babineaux had no right of action for the wrongful death of Cecyl Paul Babineaux.
Defendants answered the original petition. On May 26, 1969, all defendants except Doucet filed a peremptory exception of no right of action in the plaintiff individually or in her representative capacity, alleging that plaintiff's marriage to Babineaux was a complete nullity.
On June 20, 1969, defendants' second peremptory exception of no right of action, addressed to plaintiff's petition and her first and second supplemental petitions, was filed on the same grounds previously urged.
On June 30, Judge Fred A. Blanche, Jr., then a trial judge, after considering certain oral testimony as well as exhibits and record evidence, overruled the exception of no right of action. A pre-trial order was entered on October 7, 1969, signed by Judge Donovan W. Parker, who thereafter was the presiding judge in this case. On November 12, 1969, the pre-trial order was amended to read in part as follows: "1. The question of whether or not Arlene Babineaux was the actual or putative wife of Cecyl Babineaux and the question of whether or not the children mentioned in the original petition are the legal or putative children of the union between Cecyl Babineaux and Arlene Babineaux are matters which already have been adjudicated by this court after an evidentiary hearing. The ruling of the court as to these questions is now the law of the case. These questions are not to be urged before the jury and no evidence as to these questions will be presented or attempted to be presented to the jury. There is reserved to the defendants the right to reurge these questions to the court on the condition that defendants meet all of the requirements of the law in such instances."
On that same day, November 12, a supplemental and amended answer to the original answer was filed by the defendants with the consent of the court. No answer has been filed to the allegations of the second supplemental and amending petition of June 17, 1969.
On January 5, 1970, a third exception of no right of action was filed, alleging the
From the judgment dismissing the suit in its entirety upon the trial of the exception of no right of action, the plaintiff appealed to the First Circuit Court of Appeal. That court amended the trial court judgment to overrule the exception of no right of action as to the claim filed for and on behalf of the minor children Dixie Anna Babineaux, Tracy Ann Babineaux, and Odie Dean Babineaux. Writs were not taken from this amendment of the trial court judgment, and it is therefore not before us. Writs were applied for by the plaintiff in her own behalf and in her representative capacity for the minor child Drake Paul Babineaux from the Court of Appeal judgment which affirmed the trial court's sustaining of the exception of no right of action in these regards. 250 So.2d 224.
Plaintiff-relator makes a two-pronged attack upon the determination of the courts below that she had no individual right of action for the wrongful death of Babineaux. It is first urged that the ruling upon the exception of no right of action by the first judge became the law of the case, and that no contrary subsequent ruling could be had on that issue. The Court of Appeal correctly held that the overruling of a peremptory exception is an interlocutory order, and that the second judge was permitted to enter a final decree of dismissal based on that exception. Code of Civil Procedure Article 927 lists the peremptory exceptions. It further provides that the objection of no right of action, among others, need not be specially pleaded by exception or answer, but "may be noticed by either the trial or appellate court of its own motion". It is apparent that interlocutory orders overruling this and similar peremptory exceptions cannot be binding upon the trial court when it timely— but later—determines error of judgment based upon the matter as submitted or upon subsequent disclosures in the record which require a contrary holding. Art. 928, C.C.P., Comment (c).
Moreover, the "law of the case" rule is merely a court practice usually applied at the appellate court level in regard to parties who have had the identical issue presented and decided previously by that appellate court in an earlier appellate proceeding in the same case. When the law of the case is applied to certain trial court rulings, it is for that court a discretionary guide. See Labourdette v. Doullut & Williams Shipbuilding Co., 156 La. 412, 100 So. 547 (1924). The law of the case rule cannot supplant the Code of Civil Procedure
The second attack upon the trial court's ruling which maintained the exception of no right of action against Arlene King Babineaux suggests, first, that the exception would not admit of an evidentiary hearing, and, second, that the issue was one which should properly be left for a determination by the jury.
Our wrongful death statute, Civil Code Article 2315, reads in pertinent part: "The right to recover all other damages caused by an offense or quasi offense, if the injured person dies, shall survive * * * in favor of: (1) the surviving spouse and child or children of the deceased * * *. The survivors in whose favor this right of action survives may also recover the damages which they sustained through the wrongful death of the deceased. * * *" (Emphasis supplied.)
Pretermitting a discussion of whether a putative wife is a "surviving spouse" under Article 2315—see Vaughan v. Dalton-Lard Lumber Co., 119 La. 61, 43 So. 926 (1907); Jackson v. Lindlom, 84 So.2d 101 (Orl.La.App.1956), writs refused—, we conclude that the exception addressing itself to the question of whether this woman was a putative wife properly inquires into the legal question of her right of action.
There has been much discussion about the purpose of the exception of no right of action, and many attempts to differentiate that exception from the exception of no cause of action. One of the best statements of the definition of no right of action and of the basis of the distinction between it and no cause of action was given by the late Henry George McMahon: "The former [no cause of action] is used to raise the issue as to whether the law affords a remedy to anyone for the particular grievance alleged by plaintiff; the latter [no right of action] is employed (in cases where the law affords a remedy) to raise the question as to whether plaintiff belongs to the particular class in whose exclusive favor the law extends the remedy, or to raise the issue as to whether plaintiff has the right to invoke a remedy which the law extends only conditionally." McMahon, The Exception of No Cause of Action in Louisiana, 9 Tul.L.Rev. 17, 29-30. See also McMahon, Parties Litigant in Louisiana, 11 Tul.L.Rev. 529-30.
In Bielkiewicz v. Rudisill, 201 So.2d 136 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1967), Mr. Justice Tate of our court, then writing for the Court of Appeal, correctly stated the purpose of the exception of no right of action:
"The want of interest raised by the exception relates primarily to whether the particular plaintiff falls as a matter of law within the general class in whose favor the law grants the cause of action sought to be asserted by the suit, with the factual evidence admissible being restricted as to whether this particular plaintiff does or does not fall within the general class having legal interest to sue upon the cause of action asserted. * * *
"In short, the objection of no right of action raises the question of whether the plaintiff has a legal interest in the subject matter of the litigation, assuming (for the purpose of deciding the exception) that a valid cause of action is pleaded by the petition. LeSage v. Union Producing Co., 249 La. 42, 184 So.2d 727."
While in an exception of no cause of action everything in the pleadings is accepted as being true and evidence is inadmissible in a determination of the validity of the exception, in the exception of no right of action evidence is admissible when necessary and even in order to disprove the allegations in the pleadings. Although the general policy in Louisiana is against the piecemeal trial of suits on their merit issues, the exception of no right of action is "a threshold device for terminating a suit brought by one without legal interest to assert it". Bielkiewicz v. Rudisill, supra; see Reporter's Comment (b) 5, C. C.P. Art. 927.
The question of whether a plaintiff is a "surviving spouse" who can maintain a wrongful death action under Article 2315 presents for a court's determination whether the particular plaintiff falls within the class having a legal interest in the legal remedy there afforded. See Ellis v. Hayes, 168 So.2d 885 (La.App. 2nd Cir. 1964), and White v. Charity Hospital of La. in New Orleans, 239 So.2d 385 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1970). In the latter case it was correctly said that an exception of no right of action will not lie to a suit for wrongful death instituted by a true surviving spouse, but that it would lie to the action of one who claimed to be, but in fact was not, the surviving spouse.
The exception here being truly an exception of no right of action, there is no merit in the plaintiff's argument against an evidentiary hearing on the exception.
The next question before us is whether our civil procedure allocates to the trial judge in jury cases the determination, in limine, of the right of the parties to bring the action where factual evidence must be evaluated in order to arrive at the answer. Our Code of Civil Procedure Article 929 states that the declinatory, dilatory, and peremptory exceptions, when pleaded before answer, "shall be tried and decided in advance of the trial of the case".
We could, under the strict language of the Code and the particular facts of this case, apply the mandate of our Code of Civil Procedure that this peremptory exception of no right of action had to be tried "in advance of the trial of the case",
Even in federal practice, where judge functions are far more limited in pre-trial proceedings in jury cases than in our state courts, certain issues are disposed of in limine by the trial judge without jury consideration where a question of law is presented as to whether a plaintiff has a right to claim a particular remedy. Both the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, Federal Civil Procedure Rule 12(b) (6), and the motion for judgment on the pleadings, Rule 12(c), which convert into motions for summary judgment under Rule 56 where matters outside the pleadings are considered, are disposed of by the trial judge alone. See Pennsylvania R. Co. v. O'Rourke, 344 U.S. 334, 73 S.Ct. 302, 97 L.Ed. 367 (1953); Archer v. United States, 217 F.2d 548 (9th Cir. 1954), cert. denied 348 U.S. 953, 75 S.Ct. 441, 99 L.Ed. 745; Rodgers v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 323 F.2d 996 (2nd Cir. 1963), cert. denied 376 U.S. 932, 84 S.Ct. 701, 11 L.Ed.2d 651; Anno., 2 A.L.R.Fed. 1027, 1037; 3 Barron & Holtzoff, Federal Practice and Procedure (Wright Ed.) § 1232.1, fn. 31.3, and § 1234; Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil, §§ 1347-49, 1357, 1358, 1360, 1366; 2A and 6 Moore's Federal Practice, §§ 12.01-12.23, 56.0-56.27.
The plaintiff is not denied a trial by jury in Louisiana simply because, under our Code of Civil Procedure, certain issues of law are either required or permitted to be disposed of by the judge alone in advance of the trial of the case.
We have reviewed the trial court record and are in agreement with that court's factual determination, affirmed by the Court of Appeal, that this bigamous marriage was not contracted by Arlene Babineaux in good faith. We are constrained to hold with the other courts that she had knowledge of the legal bar (her undissolved marriage to another) which made the contract of marriage to Babineaux an absolute nullity in respect to her. She is, therefore, not entitled to the civil effects of a putative marriage under Civil Code Article 117.
We move next to a consideration of the plaintiff's right of action for the benefit of the minor child Drake Paul Babineaux, who, according to the petition, the birth certificate attached, and the evidence taken on the exception, was born to Cecyl Paul Babineaux and Arlene Joyce King on August 7, 1960, at a time when in fact Arlene
Civil Code Article 184 reads: "The law considers the husband of the mother as the father of all children conceived during the marriage." The Court of Appeal made the presumption of law under this article an unrebuttable presumption in this case. It denied any right of action in behalf of this child born during the marriage of Arnold to his mother and also during the bigamous marriage of Babineaux to his mother, declaring Drake Paul to be the legitimate child of Arnold, without a right to claim to be the illegitimate or legitimate child of Babineaux. Our careful scrutiny of what this record before us discloses and fails to disclose requires us to reverse this holding.
On the face of the pleadings and the entire record the following pertinent facts are disclosed: According to the judicial admissions made in a petition for divorce, filed by Arnold on January 12, 1962, Arnold and the mother had been separated since June 8, 1958, and had not cohabited during that time. In an earlier petition filed by Arnold on July 10, 1959, Arnold declared the same separation date and that his wife had been and was then living in open adultery with an unknown man at the home of her parents in Baton Rouge. In the suit filed in the Family Court for the Parish of East Baton Rouge by the mother of Drake Paul, seeking a decree of separation from bed and board, it was alleged that she had not lived with her husband Arnold since June 8, 1958. Of these petitions filed in the family court, only the petition for divorce filed by Arnold on January 12, 1962, was ever prosecuted to judgment, and he finally obtained a divorce on March 2, 1962. In this petition for divorce it was also alleged that there was only one child born issue of the marriage between Arnold and Arlene King and that that child was George Blaine Arnold, born August 28, 1957.
The birth certificate of Drake Paul Babineaux shows that on August 7, 1960, he was born to Cecyl Paul Babineaux and Arlene Joyce King (Babineaux) at Lafayette, Louisiana. The marriage certificate shows that Cecyl Babineaux and Arlene King were married in Lafayette on April 25, 1960. The petitions for divorce and separation filed in the family court show the residence of Arnold to be the Parish of East Baton Rouge. The final suit alleged abandonment from the matrimonial domicile in Baton Rouge, and that the defendant wife had continuously remained away from that matrimonial domicile.
It is important to recognize that the child here has never enjoyed the reputation of being the legitimate child of Arnold, but has apparently always enjoyed the reputation of being, along with three other children, the legitimate issue of Babineaux.
In addition to Arnold's denial in these petitions of the birth of more than the one child (not Drake Paul) during the marriage, Arnold in his testimony on the exception of no right of action dealing with the question of the good faith of Arlene King Babineaux in her marriage to Cecyl Babineaux stated: "* * * In fact, we would have had our divorce several years before it became in effect if I could have found Miss Babineaux, Mrs. Babineaux." He further testified that he would like to help her "in her moment of sorrow and her concern for her children, which I didn't know existed until I read it in the paper and it gave a list of the chil [sic], surviving children of the
Drake Paul was, therefore, conceived and born during the marriage of his mother and Arnold and was conceived before and born during the bigamous marriage between his mother and Babineaux. He was perhaps conceived and certainly born and reared in a city different from that in which the husband Arnold lived, and he was registered in the name of the second husband of his mother.
Absent from the record before us is any proof of a judgment of disavowal by Arnold of Drake Paul, although there is a statement that only one child was born of the marriage between Arnold and the mother of Drake Paul. There is no evidence in the record that Arnold knew or now knows that a second child was born to Arlene King Babineaux during his marriage to her or within 300 days after the decree of divorce. The record also discloses that the child was born more than 300 days after their voluntary separation. The decree of divorce must, because of its basis, recognize no cohabitation during the separation.
If we were to determine the status of this child in this collateral attack upon his filiation,
The exception of no right of action considered was not couched in the terms necessary to put at issue the right of
This child may very well be the legitimate child of Arnold alone,
The court below acted precipitately in striking Drake Paul Babineaux's right of action under the pleadings and evidence presented to it. We will remand to the trial court for further proceedings in this case.
For the reasons here assigned we reverse the judgments of the Court of Appeal and the trial court insofar as they dismissed on the exception of no right of action the plaintiff's claim for the benefit of the minor Drake Paul Babineaux, and remand the case to the trial court for proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed. The trial court is granted a specific right to stay these proceedings if an ancillary proceeding is instituted and its adjudication is essential to the validity of a judgment in this proceeding. In all other respects the judgment of the Court of Appeal is affirmed.
McCALEB, C. J., concurred in the decree.
DIXON, J., concurs with reasons.
DIXON, Justice (concurring).
I fully concur, except that I would not suggest that Arnold had more than six months (C.C. 191) from the date he testified
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