SANBORN, Circuit Judge.
The appellants, who will be referred to as "defendants", were tried and convicted of conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 371) to violate the Smith Act (18 U.S.C. § 2385). The indictment, which was filed September 24, 1952, charged them with conspiring (1) to advocate and teach the duty and necessity of overthrowing the Government of the United States by force and violence as soon as circumstances should permit, and (2) to organize and help to...
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