Justice KENNEDY delivered the opinion of the court.
Among other rights essential to freedom, the First Amendment protects "the right of the people . . . to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." U.S. Const., Amdt. 1. This case concerns the extent of the protection, if any, that the Petition Clause grants public employees in routine disputes with government employers. Petitions are a form of expression, and employees who invoke the Petition Clause in...
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