SWEET v. CARDONA

No. 23-15049, No. 23-15050, No. 23-15051.

121 F.4th 32 (2024)

Theresa SWEET; Chenelle Archibald; Daniel Deegan; Samuel Hood; Tresa Apodaca; Alicia Davis; Jessica Jacobson, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Everglades College, Inc., Intervenor-Appellant, v. Miguel A. CARDONA, Secretary of the United States Department of Education; U.S. Department of Education, Defendants-Appellees, Lincoln Educational Services Corporation; American National University; Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Intervenors. Theresa Sweet; Chenelle Archibald; Daniel Deegan; Samuel Hood; Tresa Apodaca; Alicia Davis; Jessica Jacobson, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Lincoln Educational Services Corporation, Intervenor-Appellant, v. Miguel A. Cardona, Secretary of the United States Department of Education; U.S. Department of Education, Defendants-Appellees, Everglades College, Inc.; American National University; Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Intervenors. Theresa Sweet; Chenelle Archibald; Daniel Deegan; Samuel Hood; Tresa Apodaca; Alicia Davis; Jessica Jacobson, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. American National University, Intervenor-Appellant, v. Miguel A. CARDONA, Secretary of the United States Department of Education; U.S. Department of Education, Defendants-Appellees, Everglades College, Inc.; Lincoln Educational Services Corporation; Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Intervenors.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed November 5, 2024.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Rebecca C. Ellis (argued), Eileen M. Connor, and Rebecca C. Eisenbrey, Project on Predatory Student Lending, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts; Joseph Jaramillo, Housing & Economic Rights Advocates, Oakland, California; for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Sean R. Janda (argued), Mark B. Stern, and Joshua M. Salzman, Appellate Staff Attorneys, Civil Division; Marcia Berman, Assistant Director, Federal Programs Branch; Ismail J. Ramsey, United States Attorney; Sarah E. Harrington and Brian D. Netter, Deputy Assistant Attorneys General; United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Stuart Robinson, Trial Attorney, Civil Division, Federal Programs Branch; Stephanie Hinds, United States Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney; United States Department of Justice, San Francisco, California; Karen Karas, Attorney; Brian Siegel, Assistant General Counsel for Postsecondary Education; John P. Baily, Senior Counsel; Lisa Brown, General Counsel; United States Department of Education, Washington, D.C.; for Defendants-Appellees.

Jesse Panuccio (argued), Boies Schiller & Flexner LLP, Washington, D.C.; Jason H. Hilborn, Boies Schiller & Flexner LLP, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; John Kucera, Boies Schiller & Flexner LLP, Los Angeles, California; Lucas C. Townsend (argued), and Jeffrey Liu, Gibson Dunn & Crutchner LLP, Washington, D.C.; James L. Zelenay Jr., Gibson Dunn & Crutchner LLP, Los Angeles, California; Katherine Worden, Gibson Dunn & Crutchner LLP, San Francisco, California; John S. Moran, McGuireWoods LLP, Washington, D.C.; Piper A. Waldron, McGuireWoods LLP, Los Angeles, California; for Intervenors-Appellants.

Mathura Sridharan and Jana M. Bosch, Deputy Solicitors General; Benjamin M. Flowers, Ohio Solicitor General; Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General; Office of the Ohio Attorney General, Columbus, Ohio; Melissa Holyoak, Utah Solicitor General; Sean D. Reyes, Utah Attorney General; Office of the Utah Attorney General, Salt Lake City, Utah; Steve Marshall, Alabama Attorney General, Office of the Alabama Attorney General, Montgomery, Alabama; Treg Taylor, Alaska Attorney General, Office of the Alaska Attorney General, Anchorage, Alaska; Tim Griffin, Arkansas Attorney General, Office of the Arkansas Attorney General, Little Rock, Arkansas; Ashley Moody, Florida Attorney General, Office of the Florida Attorney General; Tallahassee, Florida; Christopher M. Carr, Georgia Attorney General, Office of the Georgia Attorney General, Atlanta, Georgia; Raúl R. Labrador, Idaho Attorney General, Office of the Idaho Attorney General; Boise, Idaho; Theodore E. Rokita, Indiana Attorney General, Office of the Indiana Attorney General; Indianapolis, Indiana; Kris Kobach, Kansas Attorney General, Office of the Kansas Attorney General, Topeka, Kansas; Daniel Cameron, Kentucky Attorney General, Office of the Kentucky Attorney General, Frankfort, Kentucky; Jeff Landry, Louisiana Attorney General, Office of the Louisiana Attorney General; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Lynn Fitch, Mississippi Attorney General, Office of the Mississippi Attorney General, Jackson, Mississippi; Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Office of the Montana Attorney General, Helena, Montana; Drew H. Wrigley, North Dakota Attorney General, Office of the North Dakota Attorney General, Bismarck, North Dakota; Gentner Drummond, Oklahoma Attorney General, Office of the Oklahoma Attorney General, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Alan Wilson, South Carolina Attorney General, Office of the South Carolina Attorney General, Columbia, South Carolina; Ken Paxton, Texas Attorney General, Office of the Texas Attorney General, Austin, Texas; Patrick Morrisey, West Virginia Attorney General, Office of the West Virginia Attorney General, Charleston, West Virginia; Bridget Hill, Wyoming Attorney General, Office of the Wyoming Attorney General, Cheyenne, Wyoming; for Amici Curiae Ohio, Utah, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

Neville S. Hedley, Hamilton Lincoln Law Institute, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae Hamilton Lincoln Law Institute.

Shennan Kavanagh and Kyra Taylor, National Consumer Law Center, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amicus Curiae National Consumer Law Center.

Donald L. R. Goodson and Max Sarinsky, Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law, Wilf Hall, New York, New York, for Amicus Curiae Institute for Policy Integrity at NYU School of Law.

Dissent by Judge Collins.


OPINION

Three intervenor for-profit university organizations (American National University, Everglades College, Inc., and Lincoln Educational Services Corp.—collectively, "the Schools") appeal from the district court's final approval of a class action settlement between the United States Department of Education...

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