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CARTER v. CITY OF MONTGOMERY

No. 21-12468, No. 21-12469.

108 F.4th 1334 (2024)

Aldaress CARTER, individually, and for a class of similarly situated persons or entities, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The CITY OF MONTGOMERY, Branch D. Kloess, Judicial Correctional Services, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, Correctional Healthcare Companies, Inc., CHC Companies, Inc., Defendants. Angela McCullough, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Marquita Johnson, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Kenny Jones, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Algi Edwards, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Levon Agee, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Hassan Caldwell, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Christopher Mooney, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Adrian Eddie Floyd, on behalf of themselves, individually, and on behalf of a class of all other similarly situated, et al., Plaintiffs, v. The City of Montgomery, Alabama, Judicial Corrections Services, Inc., JCS, Defendants-Appellees, Ernest N. Finley, Jr., Chief of Police of the City of Montgomery, in his individual and official capacities, et al., Defendants.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Filed: July 26, 2024.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Leslie Andrea Bailey, Brian Hardingham; Public Justice, PC, Oakland, CA, Toby J. Marshall, Toby J. Marshall, Seattle, WA, Alexandra Z. Brodsky, Public Justice, PC, Washington, DC, George Daniel Evans, Maurine C. Evans, Alexandria Parrish, The Evans Law Firm, PC, Birmingham, AL, for Plaintiff-Appellant Aldaress Carter.

Richard Hamilton Gill, Shannon L. Holliday, Robert D. Segall, Copeland Franco Screws & Gill, PA, Montgomery, AL, Michael Brymer, Massey Stotser & Nichols, PC, Birmingham, AL; Kimberly Owen Fehl, City of Montgomery, Legal Department, Montgomery, AL, for Defendant-Appellee The City of Montgomery.

Micheal S. Jackson, Scott M. Speagle, Webster Henry Lyons Bradwell Cohan & Black, PC, Montgomery, AL, for Defendant-Appellee Branch D. Kloess.

Wilson Franklin Green, Wilson F. Green, LLC, Birmingham, AL, Jonathan Griffith, Michael L. Jackson, Larry Logsdon, Wesley Kyle Winborn, Wallace Jordan Ratliff & Brandt, LLC, Birmingham, AL, for Defendant-Appellee Judicial Correctional Services, Inc.

Antony L. Ryan, Cravath Swaine & Moore, LLP, New York, NY, for Amici Curiae Deborah N. Archer, Civil Rights Corps, Heather Elliott, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Public Good Law Center, Suzette Malveaux, Adam N. Steinman.

Claudia Wilner, Greg Bass, National Center for Law and Economic Justice, New York, NY, Jennifer Barrett, Harold Hirshman, Dentons US, LLP, Chicago, IL, Martha Irene Morgan, Morgan Law Office, Cottondale, AL, Stephen O'Brien, Hanley Corporate Tower, St. Louis, MO, Henry Sanders, Faya Rose Tours, Chestnut Sanders & Sanders, LLC, Selma, AL, for Plaintiffs-Appellants Angela McCullough, Kenny Jones, Marquita Johnson, Algi Edwards, Levon Agee, Hassan Caldwell, Christopher Mooney.

Richard Hamilton Gill, Shannon L. Holliday, Robert D. Segall, Copeland Franco Screws & Gill, PA, Montgomery, AL, Michael Brymer, Massey Stotser & Nichols, PC, Birmingham, AL, Kimberly Owen Fehl, City of Montgomery, Legal Department, Montgomery, AL, for Defendant-Appellee City of Montgomery, Alabama.

Wilson Franklin Green, Wilson F. Green, LLC, Birmingham, AL, Michael Brymer, Massey Stotser & Nichols, PC, Birmingham, AL, Kimberly Owen Fehl, City of Montgomery, Legal Department, Montgomery, AL, Richard Hamilton Gill, Shannon L. Holliday, Robert D. Segall, Copeland Franco Screws & Gill, PA, Montgomery, AL, Michael L. Jackson, Larry Logsdon, Wallace Jordan Ratliff & Brandt, LLC, Birmingham, AL, for Defendant-Appellee Judicial Correction Services, Inc.

Shandra Monterastelli Hartly, Alabama Disabilities Advocacy Program (ADAP), Tuscaloosa, AL, for Amici Curiae The ACLU of Alabama, The ACLU of Georgia, The Alabama Disabilities Advocacy Program, the Center for Public Representation, the Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law.

Shandra Monterastelli Hartly, Alabama Disabilities Advocacy Program (ADAP), Tuscaloosa, AL, Antony L. Ryan, Cravath Swaine & Moore, LLP, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae The Southern Poverty Law Center.

Before Newsom, Branch, and Luck, Circuit Judges.

Warning: This is going to get messy. The underlying litigation here arises out of the City of Montgomery's practice of jailing certain traffic offenders for failing to pay their fines. In particular, two separate groups of Montgomery residents sued (1) the City, (2) a private contractor hired to

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