Robert S. Peck (argued), Center for Constitutional Litigation P.C., Washington, D.C.; Barbara J. Parker , Oakland City Attorney; Maria Bee , Chief Assistant City Attorney; Office of the City Attorney, Oakland, California; Joel Liberson , Trial & Appellate Resources P.C., Torrance, California; Yosef Peretz and Ruth Israely , Peretz & Associates, San Francisco, California; for Plaintiff-Appellee.
D. Scott Change , Housing Rights Center, Los Angeles, California; Jamie Crook , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California, San Francisco, California; David Loy , American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego & Imperial Counties, San Diego, California; Julia Devanthéry , American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Sandra S. Park and Alejandro Ortiz , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, New York; Morgan Williams , National Fair Housing Alliance, Washington, D.C.; Ajmel Quereshi , NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund Inc., Washington, D.C.; for Amici Curiae American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern California, American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego & Imperial Counties, AARP, NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund Inc., National Fair Housing Alliance Inc., Poverty & Race Research Action Council, and Twelve Local Fair Housing Centers in the Ninth Circuit.
Dennis J. Herrera , City Attorney; Aileen M. McGrath , Co-Chief of Appellate Litigation; City Attorney's Office, San Francisco, California; for Amicus Curiae City and County of San Francisco.
William Michael Cunningham, Washington, D.C., pro se Amicus Curiae.
Before: Sidney R. Thomas, Chief Judge, and M. Margaret McKeown, Kim McLane Wardlaw, Richard A. Paez, Consuelo M. Callahan, Sandra S. Ikuta, Jacqueline H. Nguyen, Andrew D. Hurwitz, Ryan D. Nelson, Bridget S. Bade, and Lawrence VanDyke, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
McKEOWN, Circuit Judge:
Only a few years ago, the Supreme Court addressed the proximate-cause standard of the Fair Housing Act ("FHA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619, 3631, in Bank of America Corp. v. City of Miami ("Miami"), ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1296, 197 L.Ed.2d 678 (2017...
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