FITISEMANU v. UNITED STATES

Nos. 20-4017 & 20-4019.

1 F.4th 862 (2021)

John FITISEMANU; Pale Tuli; Rosavita Tuli; Southern Utah Pacific Islander Coalition, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. UNITED STATES of America; U.S. Department of State; Antony Blinken, in his official capacity as Secretary of the U.S. Department of State; Ian G. Brownlee, in his official capacity as Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs, Defendants-Appellants, and The Honorable Aumua Amata; American Samoa Government, Intervenor Defendants. Virgin Islands Bar Association; American Civil Liberties Union; ACLU of Utah; Linda S. Bosniak; Kristin Collins; Stella Burch Elias; Sam Erman; Torrie Hester; Polly J. Price; Michael Ramsey; Nathan Perl-Rosenthal; Lucy E. Salyer; Katherine R. Unterman; Charles R. Venator-Santiago; Samoan Federation of America, Inc.; Rafael Cox Alomar; J. Andrew Kent; Gary S. Lawson; Sanford V. Levinson; Christina Duffy Ponsa-Kraus; Stephen I. Vladeck; Congresswoman Stacey Plaskett; Congressman Michael F.Q. San Nicolas; Carl Gutierrez; Felix P. Camacho; Juan Babauta; Dr. Pedro Rossello; Anibal Acevedo Vila; Luis Fortuno; John De Jongh; Kenneth Mapp; Donna M. Christian-Christensen, Amici Curiae.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

FILED June 15, 2021.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Joseph H. Hunt , Assistant Attorney General, Washington, DC ( John W. Huber , United States Attorney, Salt Lake City, UT, Sharon Swingle , Attorney, and Brad Hinshelwood , Attorney, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC with him on the briefs) for Defendants-Appellants.

Michael F. Williams , Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington, DC ( Kathleen A. Brogan , Britney A. Lewis , Lauren N. Beebe , and Thomas S. Vaseliou , Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington, DC with him on the briefs) for Intervenor Defendants-Appellants.

Matthew D. McGill , Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC ( Jacob T. Spencer , Jeremy M. Christiansen , and John H. Heyburn , Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC, Steven S. Rosenthal and Neil C. Weare , Loeb & Loeb LLP, Washington, DC, and Charles V. Ala'ilima , The Law Offices of Charles V. Ala'ilima, PLLC, Nu'uuli, AS with him on the brief) for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

David M. Zionts , Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC ( Patricio Martínez-Llompart , Cristina Aálvarez , and Nandini Singh , Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC with him on the brief) for amici curiae Representatives of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.

Paul R.Q. Wolfson , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, DC ( Andres C. Salinas , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, DC with him on the brief) for amici curiae Constitutional Law Scholars.

Adriel I. Cepeda Derieux , American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY ( Alejandro A. Ortiz and Celso Javier Perez , American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY, and John Mejia , Brittney Nystrom , and Valentina De Fex , ACLU of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT with him on the brief) for amici curiae American Civil Liberties Union and ACLU of Utah.

David A. Perez , Perkins Coie LLP, Seattle, WA ( Aaron J. Ver , Perkins Coie LLP, San Francisco, CA with him on the brief) for amicus curiae Samoan Federation of America, Inc.

Dwyer Arce , Kutak Rock LLP, Omaha, NE for amicus curiae Virgin Islands Bar Association.

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, LUCERO, Senior Circuit Judge, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.


For over a century, the land of American Samoa has been an American territory, but its people have never been considered American citizens. Plaintiffs, three citizens of American Samoa, asked the district court in Utah to upend this long-standing arrangement and declare that American Samoans have been citizens from...

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