GREATER PHILADELPHIA CHAMBER v. CITY OF PHILA.

Nos. 18-2175 & 18-2176.

949 F.3d 116 (2020)

GREATER PHILADELPHIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Individually and on behalf of its members, Appellant in No. 18-2176, v. CITY OF PHILADELPHIA; Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations, Appellants in No. 18-2175.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Opinion filed: February 6, 2020.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Benjamin H. Field , Jane L. Istvan , Nicole S. Morris , Marcel S. Pratt, Esquire (Argued), City of Philadelphia, Law Department, 1515 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, Counsel for Appellants/Cross-Appellees.

Adam R. Pulver , Scott L. Nelson , Public Citizen Litigation Group, 1600 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009, Counsel for Amicus Public Citizen Inc.

Maura Healey , Elizabeth N. Dewar , Genevieve Nadeau , Erin K. Staab , Office of Attorney General Massachusetts, One Ashburton Place, McCormack Building, Boston, MA 02108, Counsel for Amicus Commonwealth of Massachusetts; District of Columbia; Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Commonwealth of Virginia; State of Connecticut; State of Delaware; State of Illinois; State of New Jersey; State of New Jersey; State of New York; State of Vermont; State of Washington.

Zachary W. Carter , Richard Dearing , Devin Slack , Eric Lee , Jamison Davies , New York City Law Department, Room 6-178, 100 Church Street, New York, NY 10007, Counsel for Amicus City of New York; City of Berkeley; City of Columbus; City of Oakland; County of Santa Clara; City and County of San Francisco; City of Seattle; City of South Bend.

Terry L. Fromson , Amal Bass , Women's Law Project, 125 South 9th Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19107, Counsel for Amicus Womens Law Project; 36 Organizations Dedicated to Gender Wage Equity.

Richard A. Samp , Cory L. Andrews , Washington Legal Foundation, 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20036, Counsel for Amicus Washington Legal Foundation.

Kellam M. Conover , Miguel A. Estrada (Argued), Amir C. Tayrani , Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036

Franco A. Corrado , Marc J. Sonnenfeld , Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103

Kevin M. Siegel , Suite 201, 10000 Lincoln Drive East, Marlton, NJ 08053, Counsel for Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

Michael L. Kichline , Michael H. McGinley , Dechert, 2929 Arch Street, 18th Floor, Cira Centre, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Counsel for Amicus African American Chambers of Commerce of Pennsylvania., New Jersey and Delaware.

Robert L. Byer , John E. Moriarty , Robert M. Palumbos , Andrew R. Sperl , Duane Morris, 30 South 17th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, Counsel for Amicus Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America; National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center; Pennsylvania Chamber of Business & Industry; Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association.

Before: McKEE, ROTH, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.


OPINION OF THE COURT

Table of Contents

I. BACKGROUND...121

A. The Disparity And The Ordinance...122

B. Legislative Background...123

1. Testimony Before the City Council...123

a. Barbara Price...123

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