Attorney(s) appearing for the Case
Hashim M. Mooppan , UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellants/Cross-Appellees.
Cecillia D. Wang , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, New York, New York, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
Noel J. Francisco , Solicitor General, Jeffrey B. Wall , Deputy Solicitor General, Edwin S. Kneedler , Deputy Solicitor General, Chad A. Readler , Acting Assistant Attorney General, Douglas N. Letter , Sharon Swingle , H. Thomas Byron III , Lowell V. Sturgill Jr. , Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Stephen M. Schenning , Acting United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellants/Cross-Appellees.
Karen C. Tumlin , Nicholas Espiritu , Melissa S. Keaney , Esther Sung , NATIONAL IMMIGRATION LAW CENTER, Los Angeles, California; Omar C. Jadwat , Lee Gelernt , Hina Shamsi , Hugh Handeyside , Sarah L. Mehta , David Hausman , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, New York, New York; Justin B. Cox , NATIONAL IMMIGRATION LAW CENTER, Atlanta, Georgia; Kathryn Claire Meyer , Mariko Hirose , INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCE PROJECT, New York, New York; David Rocah , Deborah A. Jeon , Sonia Kumar , Nicholas Taichi Steiner , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland; Cody H. Wofsy , Spencer E. Amdur , San Francisco, California, David Cole , Daniel Mach , Heather L. Weaver , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, Washington, D.C., for Appellees/Cross-Appellants International Refugee Assistance Project, Hias, Inc., John Doe #1 & 3, Jane Doe #2, Middle East Studies Association of North America, Inc., Muhammed Meteab, Arab American Association of New York, Yemeni-American Merchants Association, Mohamad Mashta, Grannaz Amirjamshidi, Fakhri Ziaolhagh, Shapour Shirani, Afsaneh Khazaeli, John Doe #4, John Doe #5.
Johnathan Smith , Sirine Shebaya , MUSLIM ADVOCATES, Washington, D.C.; Richard B. Katskee , Eric Rothschild , Andrew L. Nellis , AMERICANS UNITED FOR SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE, Washington, D.C.; Mark H. Lynch , Mark W. Mosier , Herbert L. Fenster , Jose E. Arvelo , John W. Sorrenti , Katherine E. Cahoy , Rebecca G. Van Tassell , Karun Tilak , COVINGTON & BURLING, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellees/Cross-Appellants Iranian Alliances Across Borders, Jane Doe #1, Jane Doe #2, Jane Doe #3, Jane Doe #4, Jane Doe #5, Jane Doe #6, Iranian Students' Foundation.
Charles E. Davidow , Robert A. Atkins , Lisa Velazquez , Andrew J. Ehrlich , Steven C. Herzog , PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP, New York, New York; Lena F. Masri , Gadeir Abbas , COUNCIL ON AMERICAN-ISLAMIC RELATIONS, Washington, D.C.; Faiza Patel , Michael Price , BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE AT NYU SCHOOL OF LAW, New York, New York; Jethro Eisenstein , PROFETA & EISENSTEIN, New York, New York, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants Eblal Zakzok, Sumaya Hamadmad, Fahed Muqbil, John Doe #1, John Doe #2, Jane Doe # 2, John Doe #3, Jane Doe #3.
Jay Alan Sekulow , Stuart J. Roth , Colby M. May , Andrew J. Ekonomou , Jordan Sekulow , Craig L. Parshall , Matthew R. Clark , Benjamin P. Sisney , Washington, D.C., Edward L. White III , Erik M. Zimmerman , Ann Arbor , Michigan, Francis J. Manion , Geoffrey R. Surtees , AMERICAN CENTER FOR LAW AND JUSTICE, New Hope, Kentucky, for Amicus The American Center for Law and Justice.
Ken Paxton , Attorney General, Jeffrey C. Mateer , First Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Keller , Solicitor General, J. Campbell Barker , Deputy Solicitor General, Ari Cuenin , Assistant Solicitor General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS, Austin, Texas; Steve Marshall , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALABAMA, Montgomery, Alabama; Mark Brnovich , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARIZONA, Phoenix, Arizona; Leslie Rutledge , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARKANSAS, Little Rock, Arkansas; Pamela Jo Bondi , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FLORIDA, Tallahassee, Florida; Derek Schmidt , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KANSAS, Topeka, Kansas; Jeff Landry , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF LOUISIANA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Joshua D. Hawley , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MISSOURI, Jefferson City, Missouri; Michael DeWine , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OHIO, Columbus, Ohio; Mike Hunter , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OKLAHOMA, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Alan Wilson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia, South Carolina; Patrick Morrisey , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WEST VIRGINIA, Charleston, West Virginia, for Amici State of Texas, State of Alabama, State of Arizona, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Kansas, State of Louisiana, State of Missouri, State of Ohio, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, and State of West Virginia.
Christopher J. Hajec , Julie B. Axelrod , Michael M. Hethmon , Elizabeth A. Hohenstein , Mark S. Venezia , IMMIGRATION REFORM LAW INSTITUTE, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Immigration Reform Law Institute.
Richard D. Bernstein , WILLKIE FARR & GALLAGHER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus T.A.
Amir H. Ali , RODERICK & SOLANGE MACARTHUR JUSTICE CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Roderick and Solange MacArthur Justice Center.
Eric T. Schneiderman , Attorney General, Barbara D. Underwood , Solicitor General, Anisha S. Dasgupta , Deputy Solicitor General, Zainab A. Chaudhry , Assistant Solicitor General of Counsel, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW YORK, New York, New York; Xavier Becerra , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CALIFORNIA, Sacramento, California; George Jepsen , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CONNECTICUT, Hartford, Connecticut; Matthew P. Denn , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF DELAWARE, Wilmington, Delaware; Lisa Madigan , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ILLINOIS, Chicago, Illinois; Thomas J. Miller , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF IOWA, Des Moines, Iowa; Janet T. Mills , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MAINE, Augusta, Maine; Brian E. Frosh , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland; Maura Healey , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MASSACHUSETTS, Boston, Massachusetts; Hector Balderas , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW MEXICO, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Ellen F. Rosenblum , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OREGON, Salem, Oregon; Peter F. Kilmartin , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF RHODE ISLAND, Providence, Rhode Island; Thomas J. Donovan, Jr. , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VERMONT, Montpelier, Vermont; Mark R. Herring , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia; Robert W. Ferguson , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF WASHINGTON, Olympia, Washington; Karl A. Racine , Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, D.C., for Amici State of New York, State of California, State of Connecticut, State of Delaware, State of Illinois, State of Iowa, State of Maine, State of Maryland, State of Massachusetts, State of New Mexico, State of Oregon, State of Rhode Island, State of Vermont, State of Virginia, State of Washington, and the District of Columbia.
Lynne Bernabei , Alan R. Kabat , BERNABEI & KABAT, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Amici National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Advocates for Youth, Center for Reproductive Rights, Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under the Law, The Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Mississippi Center for Justice, National Center for Lesbian Rights, National Urban League, People for American Way Foundation, Southern Coalition for Social Justice, and The Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs.
Daniel Braun , Peter Jaffe , Washington, D.C., David Y. Livshiz , Cameron C. Russell , Karen Wiswall , FRESHFIELDS BRUCKHAUS & DERINGER US LLP, New York, New York, for Amicus Cato Institute.
Amy Briggs , John W. McGuinness , Sirena Castillo , Matthew Bottomly , Olufunmilayo Showole , Ketakee Kane , Benjamin G. Shatz , MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Amici Muslim Justice League, Muslim Public Affairs Council, and Council on American-Islamic Relations, California.
Jonathan Weissglass , Rebecca C. Lee , ALTSHULER BERZON LLP, San Francisco, California, for Amici International Labor Organizations.
Nicole G. Berner , Deborah L. Smith , Leo Gertner , SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Service Employees International Union.
Judith Rivlin , AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, Washington, D.C., for Amicus American Federation of State, County And Municipal Employees.
David J. Strom , AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, AFL-CIO, Washington, D.C., for Amicus American Federation of Teachers.
Jody Calemine , COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS OF AMERICA, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Communications Workers of America.
Niraj R. Ganatra , Ava Barbour , INTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF AMERICA, Detroit, Michigan, for Amicus International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace And Agricultural Implement Workers Of America.
Mario Martínez , MARTÍNEZ AGUILASOCHO & LYNCH, APLC, Bakersfield, California, for Amicus United Farm Workers of America.
Nicholas Clark , UNITED FOOD AND COMMERCIAL WORKERS, Washington, D.C., for Amicus United Food and Commercial Workers.
Eric J. Gorman , Matthew E. Sloan , Noelle M. Reed , Allison B. Holcombe , Richard A. Schwartz , Alyssa J. Clover , Sarah Grossnickle , Jonathan Fombonne , Jennifer H. Berman , Joseph M. Sandman , Brittany Ellenberg , SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE, MEAGHER & FLOM LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Aaron Morris , IMMIGRATION EQUALITY, New York, New York; Virginia M. Goggin , NEW YORK CITY GAY AND LESBIAN ANTI-VIOLENCE PROJECT, New York, New York; Glenn Magpantay , THE NATIONAL QUEER ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER ALLIANCE, New York, New York, for Amici Immigration Equality, New York City Gay And Lesbian Anti-Violence Project, The National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance, LGBT Bar Association of Los Angeles, LGBT Bar Association of Greater New York, Lesbian and Gay Bar Association of Chicago, GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders, and Bay Area Lawyers for Individual Freedom.
Fatma Marouf , TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Fort Worth, Texas; Sabrineh Ardalan , Philip L. Torrey , Nathan MacKenzie , Law Clerk, Dalia Deak, Law Student, Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program, HARVARD LAW SCHOOL, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Geoffrey Hoffman , UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON LAW CENTER, Houston, Texas; Karla McKanders , VANDERBILT LAW SCHOOL, Nashville, Tennessee; Alan Hyde , RUTGERS LAW SCHOOL, Newark, New Jersey, for Amici Immigration Law Professors on Statutory Claims.
Nick Kahlon , Chicago, Illinois, Ryan P. Poscablo , Brian Neff , Eliberty Lopez , RILEY SAFER HOLMES & CANCILA, LLP, New York, New York; Edward N. Siskel , Corporation Counsel, Benna Ruth Solomon , Deputy Corporation Counsel, Andrew W. Worseck , Chief Assistant Corporation Counsel, Jonathon D. Byrer , Assistant Corporation Counsel, Sara K. Hornstra , Carl Newman , CITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus City of Chicago.
Michael N. Feuer , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE FOR THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, Los Angeles, California, for Amicus City of Los Angeles.
Zachary W. Carter , Corporation Counsel, CITY OF NEW YORK, New York, New York, for Amicus Mayor and City Council of New York.
Sozi Pedro Tulante , City Solicitor, CITY OF PHILADELPHIA LAW DEPARTMENT, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Amicus City of Philadelphia.
John Daniel Reaves , UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS, Washington, D.C., for Amicus United States Conference of Mayors.
James L. Banks, Jr. , City Attorney, OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Amici City of Alexandria and Mayor Allison Silberberg.
Anne L. Morgan , City Attorney, CITY OF AUSTIN LAW DEPARTMENT, Austin, Texas, for Amicus City of Austin.
Andre M. Davis , City Attorney, BALTIMORE CITY DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Baltimore, Maryland, for Amici Mayor and City Council of Baltimore.
Eugene L. O'Flaherty , Corporation Counsel, CITY OF BOSTON, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amici City of Boston and Mayor Martin J. Walsh.
Kenneth W. Gordon , Attorney to the Town, Town of Brighton, New York, Rochester, New York, New York, for Amicus Town of Brighton.
G. Nicholas Herman , General Counsel, THE BROUGH LAW FIRM, PLLC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, for Amicus Town of Carrboro.
Matthew T. Jerzyk , City Solicitor, OFFICE OF THE CITY SOLICITOR, Central Falls, Rhode Island, for Amicus James A. Diossa, Mayor of Central Falls, Rhode Island.
Kimberly M. Foxx , State's Attorney for Cook County, Office of the States Attorney, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus Cook County, Illinois.
W. Grant Farrar , Corporation Counsel, CITY OF EVANSTON LAW, Evanston, Illinois, for Amicus City of Evanston.
Gregory L. Thomas , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Gary, Indiana, for Amicus City of Gary.
Eleanor M. Dilkes , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Iowa City, Iowa, for Amicus City of Iowa City.
Aaron O. Lavine , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Ithaca, New York, for Amicus Svante L. Myrick, Mayor of Ithaca.
Susan L. Segal , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for Amicus City of Minneapolis.
Michael P. May , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Madison, Wisconsin, for Amicus City of Madison.
Marc P. Hansen , County Attorney, COUNTY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Rockville, Maryland, for Amicus Montgomery County.
Jon Cooper , Director of Law, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Nashville, Tennessee, for Amici Mayor Megan Barry, Metropolitan Government of Nashville, and Davidson County.
John Rose, Jr. , Corporation Counsel, CITY OF NEW HAVEN, New Haven, Connecticut, for Amici City of New Haven and Mayor Toni N. Harp.
Barbara J. Parker , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Oakland, California, for Amicus City of Oakland.
Lourdes Sanchez Ridge , City Solicitor, Chief Legal Officer, CITY OF PITTSBURGH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for Amicus City of Pittsburgh.
Tracy Reeve , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Portland, Oregon, for Amicus City of Portland.
Jeffrey Dana , City Solicitor, OFFICE OF THE CITY SOLICITOR, Providence, Rhode Island, for Amici City of Providence and Mayor Jorge O. Elorza.
Brian F. Curran , Corporation Counsel, CITY OF ROCHESTER, Rochester, New York, for Amicus City of Rochester.
Samuel J. Clark , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for Amicus City of Saint Paul.
Dennis J. Herrera , San Francisco City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, San Francisco, California, for Amici City and County of San Francisco.
Richard Doyle , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, San José, California, for Amicus City of San José.
James R. Williams , County Counsel, OFFICE OF THE COUNTY COUNSEL, San José, California, for Amicus Santa Clara County.
Peter S. Holmes , Seattle City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Seattle, Washington, for Amicus City of Seattle.
Michael M. Lorge , Corporation Counsel, VILLAGE OF SKOKIE, Skokie, Illinois, for Amicus Village of Skokie.
Stephanie Steele , Corporation Counsel, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, South Bend, Indiana, for Amicus City of South Bend.
Michael Rankin , City Attorney, CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Tucson, Arizona, for Amicus City of Tucson.
Michael Jenkins , JENKINS & HOGIN, LLP, Manhattan Beach, California, for Amicus City of West Hollywood.
Aaron X. Fellmeth , ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR COLLEGE OF LAW, Phoenix, Arizona; Bruce V. Spiva , Elisabeth C. Frost , Amanda R. Callais , PERKINS COIE LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici International Law Scholars and Non-Governmental Organizations.
Ilana H. Eisenstein , John M. Leitner , Ryan S. Macpherson , DLA PIPER LLP (US), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Donald Francis Donovan , David W. Rivkin , Jennifer R. Cowan , Elizabeth Nielsen , DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP, New York, New, for Amicus International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute.
Peter Margulies , ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Bristol, Rhodes Island; Alan E. Schoenfeld , Scott McAbee , WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP, New York, New York, for Amicus Scholars of Immigration Law.
Peter Karanjia , Geoffrey Brounell , Washington, D.C., Victor A. Kovner , DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE LLP, New York, New York; Elizabeth B. Wydra , Brianne J. Gorod , David H. Gans , CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY CENTER, Washington, D.C.; Raymond H. Brescia , Professor of Law, ALBANY LAW SCHOOL, Albany, New York, for Amicus Members of Congress.
Meir Feder , Rasha Gerges Shields , JONES DAY, New York, New York, for Amici Professors of Federal Courts Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, and Immigration Law.
Thomas J. Perrelli , Lindsay C. Harrison , Tassity S. Johnson , JENNER & BLOCK LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Colleges and Universities and Clergy Members.
Jennifer K. Brown , Amanda Aikman , New York, New York, Purvi G. Patel , Los Angeles, California, Marc A. Hearron , Sophia M. Brill , Sandeep N. Nandivada , MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Interfaith Group of Religious and Interreligious Organizations.
Tina R. Matsuoka , Navdeep Singh , Meredith S.H. Higashi , Rachana Pathak , Albert Giang , NATIONAL ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, Washington, D.C.; Joshua David Rogaczewski , James W. Kim , Philip J. Levine , MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus National Asian Pacific American Bar Association.
Andrew J. Pincus , Paul W. Hughes , John T. Lewis , MAYER BROWN LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Technology Companies.
Abed A. Ayoub , Samer E. Khalaf , Yolanda C. Rondon , Anton G. Hajjar , AMERICAN-ARAB ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE, Washington, D.C.; Christopher J. Wright , Adrienne E. Fowler , E. Austin Bonner , HARRIS, WILTSHIRE & GRANNIS LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.
Robert S. Chang , Lorraine K. Bannai , Ronald A. Peterson Law Clinic, Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, SEATTLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Seattle, Washington; Pratik A. Shah , Martine E. Cicconi , Washington, D.C., Robert A. Johnson , Alice Hsu , New York, New York, Jessica M. Weisel , AKIN GUMP STRAUSS HAUER & FELD LLP, Los Angeles, California; Eric Yamamoto , Fred T. Korematsu , Professor of Law and Social Justice, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII WILLIAM S. RICHARDSON SCHOOL OF LAW, Honolulu, Hawaii; Robert L. Rusky , San Francisco, California; Dale Minami , Donald K. Tamaki , MINAMI TAMAKI LLP, San Francisco, California; Peter Irons , Director Emeritus, Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, San Diego, California; Leigh-Ann K. Miyasato , Honolulu, Hawaii; Rodney L. Kawakami , Seattle, Washington, for Amici Karen Korematsu, Jay Hirabayashi, Holly Yasui, The Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, Civil Rights Organizations, and National Bar Associations of Color.
Gare A. Smith , Michael B. Keating , Kristyn M. DeFilipp , Christopher E. Hart , Daniel L. McFadden , FOLEY HOAG LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Massachusetts Technology Leadership, Council, Inc.
Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Gregory wrote the opinion of the Court, in which Judges Motz, King, Keenan, Wynn, Diaz, Floyd, Thacker, and Harris joined. Chief Judge Gregory wrote a concurring opinion, in which Judge Wynn joined as to Part I. Judge Keenan wrote a concurring opinion, in which Judge Wynn joined as to Part I, Judge Diaz joined as to Part I and Part II.A.2, and Judge Thacker joined in full. Judge Wynn wrote a concurring opinion. Judge Harris wrote a concurring opinion, in which Judges Motz and King joined. Judge Niemeyer wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Judge Agee and Senior Judge Shedd joined. Judge Traxler wrote a dissenting opinion. Judge Agee wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Judge Niemeyer and Senior Judge Shedd joined.
