IN RE U.S.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Hashim M. Mooppan , Office of the Solicitor General, United States Department of Justice, Thomas G. Pulham , Attorney, Mark B. Stern , Abby Christine Wright , Attorney, DOJ—U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Petitioners.

Jeffrey Michael Davidson, Esquire , Covington & Burling, LLP, San Francisco, CA, Charles Furlonge Robinson , General Counsel, The Regents of the University of California, Office of the General Counsel, Oakland, CA, for Real Parties in Interest Regents of the University of California and Janet Napolitano.

Kathleen Vermazen Radez , Associate Deputy Solicitor General, James Fred Zahradka, II , Deputy Attorney General, AGCA—Office of the Attorney General, Oakland, CA, Michael J. Mongan , Attorney, California Department of Justice, San Francisco, CA, for Real Party in Interest State of California.

James Fred Zahradka, II , Deputy Attorney General, AGCA—Office of the Attorney General, Oakland, CA, for Real Parties in Interest State of Maine and State of Minnesota.

Steven Sullivan, Esquire , Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Baltimore, MD, for Real Party in Interest State of Maryland.

J. Richard Doyle , San Jose City Attorney's Office, San Jose, CA, Nancy L. Fineman , Attorney, Cotchett, Pitre & McCarthy, LLP, Burlingame, CA, for Real Party in Interest City of San Jose.

Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr., Esquire , Attorney, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Judy London , Attorney, Mark D. Rosenbaum , Attorney, Public Counsel Law Center, Los Angeles, CA, Erwin Chemerinsky , UCI School of Law, Irvine, CA, for Real Parties in Interest Dulce Garcia, Miriam Gonzalez Avila, Viridiana Chabolla Mendoza, Norma Ramirez, Jirayut Latthivongskorn and Saul Jimenez Suarez.

Greta Suzanne Hansen, Esquire , Deputy County Counsel, Laura S. Trice , County of Santa Clara, Office of the County Counsel, James Robyzad Williams, Esquire , Attorney, SANTA CLARA COUNTY COUNSEL'S OFFICE, County Government Center, East Wing, San Jose, CA, Eric P. Brown , Stacey Leyton , Attorney, Jonathan Weissglass , Attorney, Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Real Party in Interest County of Santa Clara.

Greta Suzanne Hansen, Esquire , Deputy County Counsel, County of Santa Clara, Office of the County Counsel, James Robyzad Williams, Esquire , Attorney, SANTA CLARA COUNTY COUNSEL'S OFFICE, County Government Center, East Wing, San Jose, CA, Eric P. Brown , Stacey Leyton , Attorney, Jonathan Weissglass , Attorney, Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Real Party in Interest Service Employees International Union Local 521.

Michael E. Wall , Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA, for Amicus Curiae Natural Resources Defense Council.

Peter Karanjia , Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Washington, DC, for Amicus Curiae United We Dream.

Before: WARDLAW, GOULD, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.