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IN RE WELLBUTRIN XL ANTITRUST LITIGATION

Nos. 15-2875, 15-3559, 15-3591, 15-3681, 15-3682.

868 F.3d 132 (2017)

IN RE: WELLBUTRIN XL ANTITRUST LITIGATION INDIRECT PURCHASER CLASS, Appellants in 15-2875. Aetna Health of California Inc.; IBEW-NECA Local 505 Health and Welfare Plan; Bricklayers and Masons Union Local Union No. 5 Ohio Health and Welfare Fund; Mechanical Contractors-United Association Local 119 Health and Welfare Plan; Painters District Council No. 30 Health and Welfare Fund; Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 572 Health and Welfare Fund; Aetna, Inc., Appellants in 15-3559. Professional Drug Company, Inc., individually and on behalf of the Direct Purchaser Class, Appellant in 15-3591. SmithKline Beecham Corporation d/b/a GlaxoSmithKline and GlaxoSmithKline plc, Appellants in 15-3681/3682.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Filed: August 9, 2017.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Kenneth A. Wexler , Justin N. Boley , Wexler Wallace LLP, 55 W. Monroe St. — Ste. 3300, Chicago, IL 60603, Peter D. St. Phillip, Jr. [ARGUED], Richard W. Cohen , Gerald Lawrence, Jr. , Uriel Rabinovitz , Melissa Cabrera , Lowey Dannenberg Cohen & Hart, P.C., One North Broadway — Ste. 509, White Plains, NY 10601, Karen Iannance , Kissel Hirsch & Wilmer, 370 Lexington Avenue — Ste. 1200, New York, NY 10017, James G. Stranch, III , Joe P. Leniski , Branstetter, Stranch & Jennings, PLLC, 227 Second Ave. North — 4th Fl., Nashville, TN 37201, Counsel for Appellant Indirect Purchaser Class/End-Payor Class.

David F. Sorensen [ARGUED], Andrew C. Curley , Caitlin G. Coslett , Nicholas Urban , Berger & Montague, P.C., 1622 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, Thomas M. Sobol [ARGUED], Gregory T. Arnold , David S. Nalven , Kristen A. Johnson , Kristie A. LaSalle , Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro LLP, 55 Cambridge Parkway — Ste. 3-1, Cambridge, MA 021142, John W. Barrett , Barrett Law Group, 400 Court Square North, P.O. Box 927, Lexington, MS 39095, Peter Kohn , Faruqi & Faruqi, 101 Greenwood Avenue — #600, Jenkintown, PA 19046, Dianne M. Nast , NastLaw, 1101 Market Street — #2801, Philadelphia, PA 19107, Counsel for Appellant Direct Purchaser Class.

Leslie E. John [ARGUED], Edward D. Rogers , Stephen J. Kastenberg [ARGUED], Jason A. Leckerman , Jessica M. Anthony , Marcel S. Pratt , Ballard Spahr , 1735 Market Street — 51st Fl., Philadelphia, PA 19103, Taimarie N. Adams , 640 N. Broad Street — #529, Philadelphia, PA 19130, Daniel J. Boland , 217 Ryers Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19102, Timothy K. Gilman , Kirkland & Ellis, 601 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022, Emily P. Hughes , Jason R. Parish , Kirkland & Ellis, 655 15th Street, NW — Ste. 1200, Washington, DC 20005, Simeon G. Papacostas , Kirkland & Ellis, 300 N. LaSalle Street — #2400, Chicago, IL 65054, Susanna R. Greenberg , University of Pennsylvania School of Law, 3400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Chong S. Park , Ropes & Gray, 2009 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006, Counsel for Appellee SmithKline Beecham Corp, dba GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline PLC.

Linda E. Kelly , Quentin Riegel , Leland P. Frost , Manufacturers' Center for Legal Action, 733 10th Street, NW — Ste. 700, Washington, DC 20001, Brian H. Pandya , Wiley Rein , 1776 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, Counsel for Amicus, National Association of Manufacturers.

Deborah L. Feinstein , Markus H. Meier , Bradley S. Alberg , Daniel W. Butrymowicz , Elizabeth R. Hilder , Jamis R. Towey , David C. Shonka , Joel Marcus , Mark S. Hegedus , Federal Trade Commission, MS-582, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20580, Counsel for Non Party Amicus, Federal Trade Commission.

Barbara W. Mather , Robin P. Sumner , Lindsay D. Breedlove , Pepper Hamilton , 3000 Two Logan Square, Eighteenth & Arch Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19103, Counsel for Amicus, Antitrust Economists.

Sarah K. Frederick , Goodwin Procter LLP, Exchange Place, 53 State Street, Boston, MA 02109, Counsel for Amicus, Generic Pharmaceutical Association.

David W. Ogden , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, 1875 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006, Mark A. Ford , Peter A. Spaeth , Daniel C. Wewers , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, 60 State Street, Boston, MA 02109, Counsel for Amicus, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America.

Daniel G. Brown , Latham & Watkins, 885 Third Avenue — Ste. 1000, New York, NY 10022, Counsel for Par Pharmaceutical Inc., and its predecessor in interest Anchen Pharmaceuticals.

Before: JORDAN, VANASKIE, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

Table of Contents

I. Background....143

A. The Hatch-Waxman Act....143

B. Factual and Procedural Background....145

II. Discussion....147

A. Sham Litigation....147

1. Applicable Law....147

2. The Anchen Lawsuit....149

3. The Abrika...

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