EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge.
When a large, public company makes statements that are said to be false, securities-fraud litigation regularly proceeds as a class action. Class treatment is appropriate when issues common to class members predominate over those that affect them individually. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). Whether the statements are false is one common question. Whether the falsehoods are intentional (i.e., whether each defendant acted with the required state...
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