DILL v. GENERAL AMERICAN LIFE INS. CO.

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Following a seven-day trial, a jury awarded David Dill damages on his negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation claims against General American Life Insurance Company ("General American"). Following the entry of judgment, General American filed a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law, which the district court2 dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or, in the alternative, denied on the merits. General American appeals. We dismiss the appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction.

I. Background

Dill, an agent of General American for selling life insurance and other products, sued General American after two of Dill's clients cancelled their corporate-owned life insurance policies. Dill alleged that he lost substantial commission income because of General American's misrepresentations. General American counterclaimed, alleging breach of contract against Dill. After a seven-day trial, the jury found in favor of Dill on his negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation claims, and awarded him $250,000 in compensatory damages and $400,000 in punitive damages.3 The district court entered judgment on the jury verdict on November 17, 2006.

On November 30, 2006, General American filed a motion for an extension of time to file a post-judgment motion for judgment as a matter of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b). Dill did not oppose the motion for extension,4 and the district court granted the motion, extending the time to file the Rule 50(b) motion until December 8, 2006. General American filed its Rule 50(b) motion on December 8, 2006.

On January 19, 2007, Dill filed his response in opposition to the Rule 50(b) motion.5 Dill addressed each of General American's arguments on the merits, but also argued, for the first time, that the district court lacked jurisdiction over the Rule 50(b) motion. Dill contended that the motion had not been timely filed within the 10-day period mandated by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 50(b),6 and 6(b)(2).7 In raising the untimeliness issue, Dill's counsel acknowledged that he had not objected to General American's motion for extension, but asserted that during the course of his research in preparing Dill's response in opposition to the Rule 50(b) motion he discovered that the 10-day filing period could not be extended. Dill argued that the district court had no authority to extend the 10-day time period for filing the Rule 50(b) motion. Consequently, the district court's purported grant of the extension motion was a nullity, and the court lost jurisdiction once the 10-day period expired.

Upon review, the district court ultimately agreed with Dill. The court ruled that it had no authority to extend the 10-day period for filing the Rule 50(b) motion, and that it lacked jurisdiction to consider the Rule 50(b) motion because it was filed after the 10-day period expired. The district court further determined that, although it had authority, in general, to convert a Rule 50(b) motion to a motion for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b), because General American's motion did not allege grounds for relief under Rule 60(b) and because there was no showing of extraordinary circumstances, it could not properly construe the motion as one under Rule 60(b). Alternatively, the district court denied General American's Rule 50(b) motion on the merits. On February 13, 2007, four days after the district court's entry of judgment on the post-trial motion, General American filed its notice of appeal to this court.

II. Discussion

"We are required to ascertain the existence of jurisdiction, whether subject-matter or appellate, at the outset of an appeal." Arnold v. Wood, 238 F.3d 992, 994 (8th Cir.2001). In most private civil cases such as this one, a party wishing to appeal the judgment of the district court must file a notice of appeal within 30 days of the date the district court's final judgment is entered. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(1)(A); 28 U.S.C. § 2107; Arnold, 238 F.3d at 994-95. Because the 30-day period for filing an appeal is statutory, it is a "jurisdictional" requirement that must be met; it cannot be forfeited or waived. Bowles v. Russell, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2360, 2366, 168 L.Ed.2d 96 (2007). However, "[i]f a party timely files" a motion for judgment under Rule 50(b), the 30-day period for filing a notice of appeal is tolled until "the entry of the order disposing of the ... motion." Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(i). (emphasis added).

In this case, General American's notice of appeal was not filed within 30 days of the district court's entry of judgment on the jury verdict. Therefore, General American's appeal would be untimely, and we would lack jurisdiction over it, Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2366, unless the 30-day period for filing the notice of appeal was tolled by General American's Rule 50(b) motion. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(i).

A Rule 50(b) motion must be filed within 10 days after the entry of judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(b). General American's Rule 50(b) motion was not filed within the 10-day period provided by the rule, but it was filed within the extended time frame purportedly granted by the district court. However, the district court lacked authority to extend the time period beyond the 10-day period. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 6(b)(2) ("A court must not extend the time to act under Rule[] 50(b) ... except as [that] rule[] allow[s]"); Fed R. Civ. P. 50(b) (providing no exception to 10-day filing deadline for filing a renewed motion as matter of law); see also Arnold, 238 F.3d, at 998 (holding that identical 10-day time period for filing post-judgment Rule 59 motion, "may not be extended by the court, nor by agreement of counsel").

General American, nonetheless, contends that the time limitations in Rules 50(b) and 6(b)(2) are not strict "jurisdictional" time limitations that must be followed; rather, it asserts that time limitations for filing a Rule 50(b) motion are actually "claim-processing" rules. General American argues that Dill forfeited the right to raise the untimeliness of the motion when he did not object to the motion for extension of time to file the Rule 50(b) motion. Dill, on the other hand, argues that even if the time period for filing the Rule 50(b) motion is not jurisdictional, he did not forfeit the untimeliness issue because he raised it before the district court ruled on the merits of the Rule 50(b) motion.

As the Supreme Court recognized in Kontrick v. Ryan, courts, including the Supreme Court, "have more than occasionally used the term `jurisdictional' to describe emphatic time prescriptions in rules of court." 540 U.S. 443, 454, 124 S.Ct. 906, 157 L.Ed.2d 867 (2004). Thus, over the last few years, the Supreme Court has "undertaken to clarify the distinction between claims-processing rules and jurisdictional rules." Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2364; see also Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 455, 124 S.Ct. 906 ("Clarity would be facilitated if courts and litigants used the label `jurisdictional' not for claim-processing rules, but only for prescriptions delineating the classes of cases (subject-matter jurisdiction) and the persons (personal jurisdiction) falling within a court's adjudicatory authority."); Eberhart v. United States, 546 U.S. 12, 18-19, 126 S.Ct. 403, 163 L.Ed.2d 14 (2005) (distinguishing between time limitations in jurisdictional rules and claim-processing rules). Time limitations in claim-processing rules may be "inflexible" and "unalterable on a party's application," but they "can nonetheless be forfeited if the party asserting the rule waits too long to raise the point." Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906; see also Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 19, 126 S.Ct. 403 ("[C]laim-processing rules thus assure relief to a party properly raising them, but do not compel the same result if the party forfeits them"). Jurisdictional time limits, on the other hand, cannot be waived or forfeited. Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906; Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2366. Thus, we must first determine whether the inflexible time limitations of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 50(b) and 6(b)(2) are claim-processing rules, which could have been forfeited by Dill if not timely raised, or whether they are unalterable, jurisdictional time limits. Then, if we conclude that the time limitations are claim-processing rules, we must determine whether Dill forfeited them or timely raised the issue.

Time limits prescribed by statute are jurisdictional, whereas court-promulgated rules and limits, which are not enacted by Congress, are properly classified as "claim-processing" rules. See Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2364-65 (noting "the jurisdictional distinction between court-promulgated rules and limits enacted by Congress"). In Bowles, the Supreme Court concluded that "[l]ike the initial 30-day period for filing a notice of appeal, the limit on how long a district court may reopen that period" is a jurisdictional rule set forth in statute. Id. at 2366 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c)). "Because Congress specifically limited the amount of time by which district courts can extend the notice-of-appeal period in § 2107(c), that limitation is more than a simple `claim-processing rule.'" Id.

In Kontrick, on the other hand, the Supreme Court held that a creditor's failure to comply with the time requirements in Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 4004(a)8 and 9006(b)(3) for filing an objection to discharge did not affect the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction over the objection when the debtor failed to raise the time limitations before the bankruptcy court reached the merits of the creditor's objection. 540 U.S. at 447, 124 S.Ct. 906. Critical to the Court's analysis was the fact that "[n]o statute ... specifie[d] a time limit for filing a complaint objecting to the debtor's discharge." Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 448, 124 S.Ct. 906. Rather, the Court held that the filing deadlines in the Bankruptcy Rules were "procedural rules adopted by the Court for the orderly transaction of its business" that are "not jurisdictional." Id. at 454, 124 S.Ct. 906. The Court noted the "critical difference between a rule governing subject-matter jurisdiction and an inflexible claim-processing rule." Id. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906.

Likewise, in Eberhart, the Supreme Court, relying on Kontrick, held that the time limitations in Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 33 and 45 were nonjurisdictional "claim-processing rules." 546 U.S. at 16, 126 S.Ct. 403. The Court stated:

Id. at 15-16, 126 S.Ct. 403 (first alteration added).

Thus, the Court concluded that Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 33 and 45 were claim-processing rules that provided strict time limitations which "the district court must observe" when the rules "are properly invoked," but which may be forfeitable when not timely raised. Id. at 16-17, 126 S.Ct. 403.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b)(2), at issue in this case, states that "[a] court must not extend the time to act under Rules 50(b) and (d), 52(b), 59(b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except as those rules allow." This language is virtually identical to the language of Criminal Procedure Rule 45(b)(2) at issue in Eberhart and Bankruptcy Rule 9006(b)(3) at issue in Kontrick. Further, Criminal Procedure Rule 45(b), at issue in Eberhart, and Bankruptcy Rule 9006(b), at issue in Kontrick, were both "modeled on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b)." Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 19, 126 S.Ct. 403; Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, n. 10, 124 S.Ct. 906. Moreover, Rule 50(b), like the rules in Kontrick and Eberhart, does not provide an exception to the time requirements stated within that rule. Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(b).

Because the time limitation provisions in Rules 6(b)(2) and 50(b) here, are virtually identical to the provisions at issue in Kontrick and Eberhart, we conclude that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 6(b)(2) and 50(b) are nonjurisdictional claim-processing rules. See Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906; Eberhart, 546 U.S. 12, 15-16, 126 S.Ct. 403, 163 L.Ed.2d 14; see also Nat'l Ecological Foundation v. Alexander, 496 F.3d 466 (6th Cir.2007) (holding that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 6 are claim-processing rules indistinguishable from those in Kontrick and Eberhart, that provide an affirmative defense to untimely filings if timely raised, but which may be forfeited if not timely raised); Wilburn v. Robinson, 480 F.3d 1140 (D.C.Cir.2007) (holding that Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)'s tolling provision for "timely file[d]" post-judgment motions is a claim-processing rule). Because of the similarities between these rules and those at issue in Kontrick and Eberhart, it would be "implausible" to rule otherwise. Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 16, 126 S.Ct. 403.

As the 10-day filing requirement in Rule 50(b) and the prohibition against extending that time period in Rule 6(b) are claim-processing rules with "inflexible" limits, see Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 19, 126 S.Ct. 403, the rules "assure relief to a party properly raising them." Id. However, because the rules are nonjurisdictional, these timeliness requirements may be forfeited if they are not timely raised. Id.; Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906. Therefore, we must decide whether Dill timely raised the untimeliness of General American's Rule 50(b) motion. If he did, he is "assure[d] relief." Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 19, 126 S.Ct. 403. However, if Dill "wait[ed] too long to raise the point," see Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 456, 124 S.Ct. 906, as General American asserts, the defense was forfeited. Id.

"A party indisputably forfeits a timeliness objection based on a claim-processing rule if he raises the issue after the court has issued a merits decision." Wilburn v. Robinson, 480 F.3d 1140, 1147 (D.C.Cir.2007); see Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 449-50, 124 S.Ct. 906 ("[n]o reasonable construction of complaint-processing rules would allow a litigant ... to defeat a claim, as filed too late, after the party has litigated and lost the case on the merits"). In Kontrick, for example, the debtor did not raise a timeliness objection to the creditor's claims until he filed his motion for reconsideration, having made only merits arguments before the underlying judgment was entered, and the Supreme Court considered the timeliness defense forfeited. 540 U.S. at 449-50, 124 S.Ct. 906. Likewise, in Eberhart, the Court held that "where the Government failed to raise a defense of untimeliness until after the District Court had reached the merits, it forfeited that defense." 546 U.S. at 19, 126 S.Ct. 403. In a similar case, the Sixth Circuit held that the timeliness defense was forfeited where the district court erroneously granted an unopposed motion to extend the time for filing a post-judgment Rule 59(e) motion and the opposing party—who did not raise the timeliness issue before the district court—raised the timeliness issue for the first time on appeal. Alexander, 496 F.3d at 476.

All of these cases, however, are distinguishable from the instant case because Dill raised the timeliness issue prior to the district court reaching the merits of the Rule 50(b) motion. General American, however, contends that Dill forfeited the untimeliness defense because he did not raise it until it was too late for General American to take any corrective action.10

Dill raised the timeliness issue before the district court reached the merits of the Rule 50(b) motion but too late for General American to take corrective action. Because the district court had not ruled, we hold that Dill properly and timely raised the untimeliness defense and that the district court properly dismissed General American's Rule 50(b) motion for lack of jurisdiction. As a result, General American's late-filed Rule 50(b) motion did not toll its time for filing its notice of appeal. See Arnold, 238 F.3d at 996 (ruling that appellant's post-judgment motion, filed more than 10-days after the entry of judgment, did not toll the time for filing an appeal under Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)). Therefore, we lack jurisdiction over General American's appeal of the underlying case because it was filed more than 30 days after the district court's entry of judgment, which is a jurisdictional requirement that cannot be forfeited or waived, even for equitable reasons. Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2366.

We also decline General American's offer to invoke jurisdiction over this appeal under the "unique circumstances" doctrine established by the Supreme Court in Harris Truck Lines, Inc. v. Cherry Meat Packers, Inc., 371 U.S. 215, 83 S.Ct. 283, 9 L.Ed.2d 261 (1962) and subsequently followed in Thompson v. INS, 375 U.S. 384, 84 S.Ct. 397, 11 L.Ed.2d 404 (1964),11 as the Supreme Court expressly "overrule[d] Harris Truck Lines and Thompson to the extent they purport to authorize an exception to a jurisdictional rule." Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2366. We do not agree with General American's contention that the unique circumstances doctrine is still applicable to this case. Because the Rule 50(b) motion was not "timely file[d]" it did not toll the time for General American to file its notice of appeal. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(i); see also Arnold, 238 F.3d at 996 ("Because Arnold's post-judgment motion was filed eleven days after the entry of judgment, the motion didn't trigger the appeal-tolling provisions in Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(iv) & (vi)"). Therefore, General American's notice of appeal was not timely filed. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(1)(A); 28 U.S.C. § 2107.

The Supreme Court "ma[d]e clear that the timely filing of a notice of appeal in a civil case is a jurisdictional requirement." Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2366. "Because [the Supreme] Court has no authority to create equitable exceptions to jurisdictional requirements, use of the `unique circumstances' doctrine is illegitimate." Id. As the sole reason General American seeks to use the doctrine in the instant case is for the same purpose which the Supreme Court overruled it—to make an exception to the jurisdictional timing requirements for filing a notice of appeal— use of the doctrine here would be "illegitimate." Id.12

Although this is a harsh and unfortunate result for General American, as it relied on the extension granted by the district court, General American is not without fault—a simple scan of Rule 6(b)(2) would have provided General American notice that the district court lacked authority to grant an extension of time to file the Rule 50(b) motion. See Pinion v. Dow Chemical, 928 F.2d 1522, 1534 (11th Cir.1991) (ruling that appellant's reliance upon district court's unauthorized extension of time to file post-trial motion was not reasonable because "[s]imply scanning [Rule 6(b)] would have provided notice that there was an inconsistency between the Rule's text and the court's [extension] order"); Panhorst v. United States, 241 F.3d 367, 373 (4th Cir. 2001) ("Because a litigant has a duty to familiarize himself with the [Federal] Rules, which clearly prohibit an extension of time in which to file a Rule 59 motion, we cannot say that appellants' reliance on the district court's acceptance of the submitted order was reasonable"); see also Fogel v. Gordon & Glickson, P.C., 393 F.3d 727, 731 (7th Cir.2004) ("when a rule is unambiguous a litigant is not permitted to rely on erroneous advice, even by a court"). Moreover, "[i]f rigorous rules like the one applied today are thought to be inequitable, Congress may authorize courts to promulgate rules that excuse compliance with the statutory time limits." Bowles, 127 S.Ct. at 2367. But, for the reasons discussed above, "we lack present authority to make the exception [General American] seeks." Id.

Lastly, although in theory we would have retained jurisdiction to consider the district court's refusal to convert General American's Rule 50(b) motion to a Rule 60(b) motion,13 an issue that General American included in its notice of appeal, we find that General American waived this issue by not addressing it in its briefs or at oral argument, and we therefore decline to address it at this time. See Fed. R.App. P. 28(a)(9)(A) (mandating that appellant's brief include contentions, reasons for them, and citations to authorities and parts of record on which appellant relies).

III. Conclusion

Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.