TEUFEL v. WATKINS

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff appeals as of right orders granting summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) in favor of defendants in this premises liability action. We affirm.

Plaintiff slipped and fell on ice in the parking lot of his apartment complex. Defendant Springs Apartments (Springs) owns the premises. Defendant Olie Watkins contracted with Springs to provide snowplowing services. Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting Springs' motion for summary disposition on the basis of its finding that the condition that plaintiff encountered was open and obvious.

This Court reviews de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary disposition. Dressel v. Ameribank, 468 Mich. 557, 561, 664 N.W.2d 151 (2003). In considering a motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions and other documentary evidence submitted by the parties in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Corley v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 470 Mich. 274, 278, 681 N.W.2d 342 (2004). If the proffered evidence fails to establish a genuine issue of material fact, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 120, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999).

To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must prove (1) that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) that the defendant breached the duty, (3) that the defendant's breach of the duty caused the plaintiff's injuries, and (4) that the plaintiff suffered damages. Case v. Consumers Power Co., 463 Mich. 1, 6, 615 N.W.2d 17 (2000); Jones v. Enertel, Inc., 254 Mich.App. 432, 436-437, 656 N.W.2d 870 (2002). A possessor of land has a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect an invitee from an unreasonable risk of harm caused by a dangerous condition on the land. The duty to protect an invitee does not extend to a condition from which an unreasonable risk of harm cannot be anticipated, or from a condition that is so open and obvious that an invitee could be expected to discover it. Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 609-610, 537 N.W.2d 185 (1995).

The open and obvious danger doctrine is a defensive doctrine that attacks the duty element that a plaintiff must establish in a prima facie negligence case. Id. at 612, 537 N.W.2d 185. Whether a danger is open and obvious depends on whether it is reasonable to expect that an average person with ordinary intelligence would have discovered the danger on casual inspection. Novotney v. Burger King Corp. (On Remand), 198 Mich.App. 470, 474-475, 499 N.W.2d 379 (1993). If special aspects of a condition make even an open and obvious risk unreasonably dangerous, a possessor of land must take reasonable precautions to protect an invitee from that risk. Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc., 464 Mich. 512, 517, 629 N.W.2d 384 (2001). But where no such special aspects exist, the "openness and obviousness should prevail in barring liability." Id. at 517-518, 629 N.W.2d 384.

As a general rule, and absent special circumstances, the hazards presented by snow and ice are open and obvious, and do not impose a duty on the property owner to warn of or remove the hazard. Corey v. Davenport College of Business (On Remand), 251 Mich.App. 1, 5-6, 8, 649 N.W.2d 392 (2002). The danger presented by snow-covered ice is open and obvious where the plaintiff knew of, and under the circumstances an average person with ordinary intelligence would have been able to discover, the condition and the risk it presented. Mann v. Shusteric Enterprises, Inc., 470 Mich. 320, 329-330, 683 N.W.2d 573 (2004); Joyce v. Rubin, 249 Mich.App. 231, 239, 642 N.W.2d 360 (2002). Here, plaintiff testified that he fell on ice that was obstructed by a snowpile. He concedes that he was aware of the existence of the snowpile and that it was an open and obvious condition, but he asserts that the ice he encountered on the other side of the snowpile was obstructed and therefore not open and obvious. We disagree. Even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the evidence demonstrates that a reasonably prudent person with ordinary intelligence would have anticipated that ice and snow would be present at the bottom of a snowbank and would have been able to perceive and foresee the danger of the ice on the other side of the snowpile. For these reasons, the trial court did not err by finding that the condition encountered by plaintiff was open and obvious. Thus, plaintiff failed to establish that Springs breached any duty owed to him. Further, plaintiff failed to demonstrate the existence of any special aspects that made the condition unreasonably dangerous in spite of its open and obvious nature. Contrary to plaintiff's assertion, the danger presented by the presence of snow and ice in the area where he fell was not unavoidable. Plaintiff testified that there might have been other parking spots available without any snow and farther away from his apartment. He also testified that he did not look for another spot without snow and he took the spot that was both available and closest to his apartment. Therefore, plaintiff had a reasonable alternative available to him: he could have parked somewhere else. The condition here is not the type of unavoidable condition contemplated by our Supreme Court in Lugo. The trial court properly granted summary disposition to Springs.1

Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of Watkins on plaintiff's claim of negligent performance of duties under the snow removal contract.

In Fultz v. Union-Commerce Assoc., 470 Mich. 460, 467, 683 N.W.2d 587 (2004), our Supreme Court held that, "in determining whether a negligence action based on a contract and brought by a third party to the contract may lie," the "threshold question is whether the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff that is separate and distinct from the defendant's contractual obligations."2 If no independent duty exists, there can be no tort action based on contract. Id. Accordingly, Watkins contracted with Springs to remove snow and ice; he owed no duty to plaintiff that was separate and distinct from his contractual obligations. Therefore, the trial court did not err by granting summary disposition to Watkins.

Affirmed.