BOUDIN, Chief Judge.
This appeal involves a federal civil rights suit brought by Reynaldo Rodríguez-Rodríguez ("Rodríguez") arising out of an election-week fracas that occurred on November 2, 2000, in the municipality of Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. The defendants included Miguel Ortiz-Vélez ("Ortiz"), the mayor of Sabana Grande, and municipal police officer Katia Medina-Pedraza ("Medina"). These two defendants now appeal from the district court...
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