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  5. 324 F.3d 692 (2003)
 

DEUTSCH v. TURNER CORP.

Nos. 00-56673, 01-17115, 01-17116, 01-17123, 01-17124, 01-17134, 01-17155, 01-17157, 01-17160, 01-17172, 01-17176, 01-17177, 01-17185, 01-17189, 01-17195, 01-17197, 01-17201, 01-17203, 01-17204, 01-17207, 01-17210, 01-17211, 01-17230, 01-17243, 01-17251, 01-17252, 01-17260, 01-17265, 01-17499.

324 F.3d 692 (2003)

Josef Tibor DEUTSCH, an individual; Josef Tibor Deutsch, as the survivor of George Deutsch, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. TURNER CORPORATION, a Delaware Corporation with corporate regional headquarters located in California; Kitchell Corporation USA, an Arizona Corporation authorized to do business in California; Hochtief AG, a German Corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Woodrow M. Hutchison, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsubishi Materials Corporation; Mitsubishi Materials USA, a business association purporting to be a California corporation; Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi International Corporation, a business association purporting to be a New York corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc., a business association purporting to be a Delaware corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Lester I. Tenny, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsui & Co. Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsui & Co (USA), Inc, a business association purporting to be a New York Corporation; Mitsui Mining Co Ltd, a Japanese business association; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, a business association purporting to be a Delaware corp, Defendants-Appellees. Shirley M. Rubenstein; Julia E. Stevenson; Glen Leroy, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd; Ishihara Corporation, a California corporation; ISK Americas, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Raymond Heimbuch; Vivian O. Johnson; William R. Lowe; Sam P. Buse; Alfred Berest; Edwin F. Lindros; Michael Bibin; J.S. Gray; Karl William Holt; Norman R. Matthews; Darrel D. Stark; Carmel Zipeto, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd, a Japanese business association; Ishihara Corporation; ISK Americas, Inc., a business association purporting to be a Delaware corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Melody Solis, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Nippon Steel Corporation, a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel Trading Co., Ltd., a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel USA Inc, a business association purporting to be a New York corporation; Nippon Steel Trading America, Defendants-Appellees. Harry Corre, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsui & Co. Ltd; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc.; Mitsui Mining USA Inc; Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd., Defendants-Appellees. Garth G. Dunn, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Nippon Steel Corporation, a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel USA, a business association purporting to be a New York Corp., Defendants-Appellees, and Japan Iron & Steel, a Japanese business association; Yawata Iron & Steel, a Japanese business association; Fuji Iron & Steel, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Shoji; Sumitomo Corp.; Sumitomo Commercial Company, a Japanese business association, Defendants. James O. King, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Nippon Steel Corp; Nippon Steel USA, Defendants-Appellees. Perfecto Llanza, on his own behalf and on behalf of all others similarly situated; Alberto Saldejeno; Acelopio Galedo; Generoso Jacob; Ernesto Santo Domingo; Imelda Santo Domingo, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Co (USA), Inc, a business association; Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Corporation; Nippon Steel Corp, a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel USA Inc., Defendants-Appellees. Alberto Saldajeno; Acelopio Galedo; Generoso Jacob, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated; Perfecto Llanza; Ernesto Santo Domingo; Imelda Santo Domingo, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd, a Japanese business association; Ishihara Corporation (USA); Taiheiyo Cement, a Japanese business association; Onoda USA; Kreha Corporation of America, Inc.; Mitsui & Co. (USA); Showa Denko America, Inc.; Mitsui Mining USA Inc; Furukawa Electric North America, Inc.; Sumitomo Heavy Industries (USA); Nippon Steel USA Inc.; Mitsubishi International Corporation; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc., Defendants-Appellees. Ernesto Santo Domingo, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated; Imelda Santo Domingo, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd, a Japanese corporation; Ishihara Corporation U.S.A., California corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Manuel A. Eneriz; Dexter Eneriz, Executor of the Estate of Manuel A. Eneriz, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Company Ltd.; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc.; Mitsui Mining Company, Ltd.; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, Defendants-Appellees. Ralph Levenberg, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Nippon Sharyo Ltd.; Nippon Sharyo USA., Inc., Defendants-Appellees. Harold W. Poole; Ernest Loy; Francis W. Agnes; Robert C. Clark; Clarence S. Kellogg, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Nippon Steel Corp, a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel Trading Co., Ltd., a business association purporting to be a New York corporation; Nippon Steel Trading America, a business association purporting to be a California corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Suk Yoon Kim, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries Ltd.; IHI Inc.; Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd.; Sumitomo Heavy Industries (USA) Inc., Defendants-Appellees. Zhenhuan Ma, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Kajima Corporation; Kajima Construction Services, Inc.; Kajima Development Corporation; Kajima Engineering and Construction, Inc.; Kajima International, Inc.; Kajima U.S.A., Inc, Defendants-Appellees. Sa Son Sin, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsui & Co, Ltd.; Mitsui & Co. (USA); Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.; Paceco Corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Ruben Resus; Carlos Cadenilla, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Co. Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsui Bussan Kaisha; Mitsui & Co (USA), Inc; Mitsubishi Corporation; Mitsubishi International Corporation, a business corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America Inc., a business association; Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, a Japanese association; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation, a business association; Sumitomo Corp., a Japanese business association; Sumitomo Corp. of America, a business association; Kureha Corporation of America, a business association; Furukawa Electric North America, Inc., a business association; Taiheiyo Cement, a Japanese business association; Onoda USA Inc., a business association; Showa Denko K K, a Japanese business association, Defendants-Appellees. Shang Ting Sung, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsui & Co, Ltd.; Mitsui & Co. (USA); Mitsubishi Corporation; Mitsubishi International Corporation; Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, Defendants-Appellees. Raymond Wheeler; Alec Charles Murphy; William Schmitt; Hendrick Zeeman; Tammerus Willem Carter Visscher; David Clarke; Willem Hendrik De Haan, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Co. Ltd, a Japanese business association; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc., a business association; Mitsui Mining Company, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsui Mining USA Inc; Nippon Steel USA; Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi International Corp.; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc.; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Defendants-Appellees. Jae Sik Choe, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Nippon Steel Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Defendants-Appellees. Frank A. Mente; Neville J. Booker, individually and on behalf of persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Co. Ltd, a Japanese association, aka/Mitsui Bussan Kaisha; Mitsui Mining Company, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc., a business association; Nippon Steel Corporation, a Japanese corporation; Nippon Steel USA Inc., a business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation; Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi International Corporation, a business corporation, Defendants, and Mitsui Mining USA Inc, a business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America Inc., a business association, Defendants-Appellees. Aizhu Su, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; Chunsheng Tian, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsubishi Corporation, a corporation; Mitsubishi Corporation, a corporation; Mitsui & Co., Ltd., a corporation; Mitsui Mining Company, Ltd., a corporation; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc., a corporation; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, a corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Do Geun Oh; Eung Chang Lee; Yong Hae Lee, individually and on behalf of a class of persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Co., Ltd, a Japanese business association; Mitsui & Co. (USA), a business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc., a business association; Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation, a business association; Nippon Steel Corp, a Japanese business association; Nippon Steel USA, a business association; Showa Denko America, Inc., a business association; Showa Kogyo, a Japanese business association, Defendants-Appellees. Gloria Tyler Alfano; Madeline Felkins; Warren Carringer; Howard Friedman, Dr.; Richard Gordon, Maj.; Oakie Dent Pack, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc.; Mitsui Mining Company, Ltd.; Mitsui Mining USA Inc; Mitsubishi Corporation, a corporation; Mitsubishi Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America Inc., a Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a corporation, Defendants-Appellees. H. Joseph Terrence, aka Joseph E. Terfansky; Franklin D. Gross; Frederick M. Fullerton, Jr.; Erma L. Weimer, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mitsui & CO., LTD., a Japanese business corporation aka Mitsui Bussan Kaisha; Mitsui & Company (USA), Inc., a business association; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, a business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a Japanese business association; Mitsubishi Materials USA Corporation, a business association; Mitsubishi Corporation, a business association; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc., a business association, Defendants-Appellees. Arthur Titherington; Henry George Blackham; Fergus Dunsmore McGhie, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Japan Energy Corp, a Japanese business association; Japan Energy USA, a Delware Corporation; Irvine Scientific Sales, a California Corporation, Defendants-Appellees. Finnie B. Price, On behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mitsubishi Corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., a corporation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America Inc.; Mitsubishi International Corporation, a corporation; Mitsui & Co (USA) Inc.; Mitsui & Co. Ltd., a corporation; Mitsui Mining Co Ltd; Mitsui Mining USA Inc, a corporation, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed January 21, 2003.

Amended March 6, 2003.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Nate G. Kraut, Law Offices of Nate G. Kraut, Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiff-appellant Josef Tibor Deutsch.

Joseph W. Cotchett, Bruce L. Simon and Steven N. Williams, Cotchett, Pitre, Simon & McCarthy, Burlingame, CA; Lourdes Santos Tancinco, Tancinco Law Offices, San Francisco, CA, for Saldajeno plaintiffs-appellants.

Michael E. Withey, Strittmatter, Kessler, Whelan, Withey, Coluccio, Seattle, WA, for Santa Domingo plaintiffs-appellants.

Robert A. Swift, Denis F. Shiels, Nadia Ezzelarab and Hilary E. Cohen, Kohn, Swift & Graf, Philadelphia, PA; Jon Van Dyke, Honolulu, HI; Scott W. Wellman, Scott R. Warren and Mitsuruku Ushida, Wellman & Warren LLP, Irvine, CA; Rodrigo C. Domingo, Domingo & Dizon, Mikati City, Phillippines; Edward D. Fagan, Fagan & Associates, Livingston, NJ; Michael Witti, Law Offices, Munchen, Germany; Henry Burstyner, Glennen, Burstyner & Co., Melbourne, Australia, for Resus, Kim, Wheeler, Mente and Terrence plaintiffs-appellants.

Steven M. Schneebaum, Esq., Patton Boggs, LLP, Washington DC; Ronald Kleinman, Esq., C. Allen Foster, Esq., Joe R. Reeder, Esq. and Jessica Valltos, Esq., Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Washington, DC; David S. Casey, Jr., Esq., Bonnie E. Kane, Esq. and Wendy M. Behan, Esq., Herman, Mathis, Casey, Kitchens & Gerel, LLP, San Diego, CA; Maury A. Herman, Esq., Leonard A. Davis, Esq. and David Fox, Esq., Herman, Mathis, Casey, Kitchens & Gerel, LLP, New Orleans, LA; James W. Kitchens, Herman, Mathis, Casey, Kitchens & Gerel, LLP, Jackson, MS; James W. Parkinson, Esq., Law Offices of James W. Parkinson, Palm Desert, CA; Michael Goldstein, Esq., Law Offices of Michael Goldstein, Cardiff, CA; Venus Soltan, Esq., Soltan & Associates, Costa Mesa, CA; Attorneys for Poole, Loy, Agnes, Clark and Kellogg, plaintiffs-appellants. Daniel C. Girard, Girard, Gibbs & De Bartolomeo, LLP, San Francisco, CA; Anthony K. Lee, San Francisco, CA, for King and Levenberg plaintiffs-appellants.

William S. Lerach, Eric A. Isaacson, Frank J. Janecek, Jr., Joseph D. Daley and Patrick W. Daniels, Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Hynes & Lerach LLP, San Diego, CA; Michael Rubin and Linda Lye, Altshuler, Berzon, Nussbaum & Demain, San Francisco, CA; Kevin P. Roddy, Hagens Berman LLP, Los Angeles, CA; John J. Bartko, William I. Edlund and Robert H. Bunzel, Bartko, Zankel, Tarrant & Miller, San Francisco, CA; Albert H. Meyerhoff, Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Hynes & Lerach, LLP, Los Angeles, CA; Li Yang, Law Offices of Li Yang, New York, NY; Howard D. Finkelstein and Jeffrey R. Krinsk, Finkelstein & Krinsk, San Diego, CA; Jonathan W. Cuneo, The Cuneo Law Group, P.C., Washington, DC; Thomas L. Galloway, Galloway & Associates, Boulder, CO; David R. Scott and Neil Rothstein, Scott & Scott, LLC, Colchester, CT; Henry H. Rossbacher, Rossbacher & Associates, Los Angeles, CA; Attorneys for Kim plaintiffs-appellants. Steve W. Berman and Jeffrey T. Sprung, Hagens Berman LLP, Seattle, WA; Kevin P. Roddy, Hagens Berman LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Titherington, Blackham and McGhie plaintiffs-appellants.

Peter I. Ostroff, Mark E. Haddad, Lee L. Auerbach, Ronald L. Steiner, Sarah J. Heidel, Sidley, Austin, Brown & Wood LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for defendants-appellees Nippon Sharyo Ltd. and Nippon Sharyo U.S.A., Inc.

John H. Beisner and John F. Niblock, O'Melveny & Meyers LLP, Washington D.C., for defendants-appellees Mitsubishi Materials Corporation and Mitsubishi Materials U.S.A. Corporation.

Arne D. Wagner, Morrison & Foerster LLP, for defendants-appellees Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi International Corporation.

Matthew Digby, Bingham Dana LLP, for defendants-appellees Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd., Mitsui Mining U.S.A., Inc., Nippon Sharyo U.S.A., Inc., Taiheiyo Cement U.S.A., Inc., Japan Energy Corporation, Japan Energy U.S.A., Furukawa Electric North America, Inc., and Irvine Scientific Sales Co., Inc.

Sara D. Schotland, Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, for defendant-appellee Showa Denko America, Inc.

Arthur W. Harrigan, Jr., Danielson, Harrigan & Tollefson, LLP, for defendants-appellees Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc.

Neil A.F. Popovic, Heller, Ehrman, White & Mcauliffe, for defendant-appellee Showa Denko America, Inc.

Paul Doyle, Kelley, Drye & Warren LLP, for defendant-appellee Kreha Corporation of America.

Christopher Landau, Kirkland & Ellis, for defendant-appellee Sumitomo Heavy Industries (U.S.A.) and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Douglas E. Mirell, Loeb & Loeb LLP, for defendants-appellees Taiheiyo Cement U.S.A., Inc., Furukawa Electric North America, Inc., Japan Energy Corporation, Japan Energy (U.S.A.), Inc. and Irvine Scientific Sales Co., Inc.

Junji Masuda, Masuda & Ejiri, for defendant-appellee Japan Energy Corporation, Japan Energy (U.S.A.), Inc., and Irvine Scientific Sales Co., Inc.

David M. Balabanian, Christopher B. Hockett, Thomas S. Hixson and J. Leah Castella, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, LLP, San Francisco, CA, for defendants-appellees Mitsui & Co., Ltd. and Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.), Inc.

Barbara Croutch, Pillsbury Winthrop, LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for defendants-appellees Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America Inc. and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Nathan Lane III and Joseph A. Meckes, Squire, Sanders & Dempsey LLP, San Francisco, CA, for defendants-appellees Ishihara Corporation (U.S.A.), Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd. and ISK Americas Incorporated.

Margaret K. Pfeiffer, Sullivan & Cromwell, Washington DC, for defendants-appellees Nippon Steel U.S.A., Inc., Nippon Steel Corporation, Nippon Steel Trading America, Inc. and Nippon Steel Trading Co., Ltd.

Bruce E.H. Johnson, Davis, Wright, Tremaine, for defendants-appellees Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc.

A. Victor Antola, Latham & Watkins, for defendants-appellees Kajima U.S.A., Inc., Kajima International, Inc., Kajima Engineering and Construction, Inc., Kajima Development Corporation and Kajima Construction Services, Inc.

Lloyd W. Aubry, Jr., Morrison & Foerster, LLP, for defendants-appellees Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. and IHI, Inc.

Cynthia S. Papsdorf and Sheri M. Schwartz, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, Los Angeles, CA; Bud G. Holman, Esq., Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, New York, NY, for defendants-appellees The Turner Corporation and Kitchell Corporation.

Catherine Z. Ysrael, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, State of California; Bill Lockyer, Attorney General of California; Manuel M. Medeiros, Solicitor General of California; Richard M. Frank, Chief Assistant Attorney General; Louis Verdugo, Jr. and Angela Sierra; For the State of California as amicus curiae in support of plaintiff-appellants.

Douglas Hallward-Driemeier, Department of Justice, Civil Division, appellate Staff; Robert D. McCallum, Assistant Attorney General; John S. Gordon, United States Attorney; David W. Shapiro, United States Attorney; Mark B. Stern, Civil Division, appellate Staff; James G. Hergen and Lara A. Ballard, Department of State, Office of the Legal Adviser; For the United States as amicus curiae in support of defendants-appellees.

ORDER

The opinion filed January 21, 2003 is hereby amended as follows:

1. Slip op. at 991, second full paragraph, line 6, after "because a state is," insert "generally." 2. Slip op. at 991, replace the last sentence (beginning "Because section 354.6 is substantive law"), including footnote 4, with the following: Nevertheless, that distinction does not affect the outcome here. Our determination of the foreign affairs doctrine issue does...

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