BLACK, Circuit Judge:
This case involves the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd. EMTALA was enacted to prevent "patient dumping," the publicized practice of some hospitals turning away or transferring indigent patients without evaluation or treatment. Under EMTALA, when an individual presents for treatment at the emergency department of a hospital, the hospital must provide an appropriate medical screening to determine whether an emergency medical condition exists. If an emergency medical condition is determined to exist, the hospital ordinarily must provide stabilization treatment before transferring the patient.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The complaint in this case alleges the following facts. At approximately 1:17 a.m. on November 26, 1997, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue brought Lisa Normil to the emergency room at Aventura Hospital and Medical Center (Aventura Hospital) and requested medical treatment on her behalf. Normil was seen first by Dr. Wayne Marchant, an emergency room physician, whose notes indicated a diagnosis of "pneumonia rule out sepsis."
Dr. Marchant contacted Dr. Kevin Coy, who was acting as the on-call attending physician on behalf of Normil's primary care provider, to report his diagnosis and to request permission to admit Normil into the intensive care unit (ICU) of the hospital for concentrated care and management.
Later that morning, Dr. Marchant was able to contact Normil's primary care physician, Dr. Ali Bazzi. Approximately five hours after he was contacted by Dr. Marchant, Dr. Bazzi examined Normil in the
After Normil's admittance into the ICU, she lapsed into respiratory and cardiac failure. Dr. Christopher Hanner, a physician working at the hospital, unsuccessfully attempted to resuscitate Normil. She died at approximately 12:45 p.m.
B. Procedural Background
Following Normil's death, Appellant Bernie Harry, personal representative of her estate, filed suit against Dr. Marchant, Dr. Bazzi, Dr. Hanner, Dr. Coy, Linker, and Aventura Hospital
In response to Appellant's complaint, Aventura Hospital moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim under EMTALA.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim, accepting all allegations in the complaint as true and construing facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Brown v. Budget Rent-A-Car Sys., Inc., 119 F.3d 922, 923 (11th Cir.1997).
III. DISCUSSION
In 1986, Congress enacted EMTALA in response to widely publicized reports of emergency care providers transferring indigent patients from one hospital to the next while the patients' emergency medical conditions worsened. EMTALA was designed specifically to address this important societal concern; it was not intended to be a federal malpractice statute. Under EMTALA, hospital emergency rooms are subject to two principal obligations, commonly referred to as the appropriate medical screening requirement and the stabilization requirement. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd (1994). The appropriate medical screening requirement obligates hospital emergency rooms to provide an appropriate medical screening to any individual seeking treatment in order to determine whether the individual has an emergency medical condition. Id. § 1395dd(a). If an emergency medical condition exists, the hospital is required to provide stabilization treatment before transferring the individual. Id. § 1395dd(b). The sole issue before this Court is the extent to which EMTALA requires a hospital to provide stabilization treatment to a patient with an emergency medical condition who is not transferred.
In resolving this issue, we begin by scrutinizing the language of the statute. Then, we review the statute's legislative history. Finally, we examine the cases discussing EMTALA's stabilization requirement.
A. Language of the Statute
As with any question of statutory interpretation, we begin by examining the text of the statute to determine whether its meaning is clear. See Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 438, 119 S.Ct. 755, 760, 142 L.Ed.2d 881 (1999); Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 739, 109 S.Ct. 2166, 2172, 104 L.Ed.2d 811 (1989); United States v. Gilbert, 198 F.3d 1293, 1298 (11th Cir.1999). "In construing a statute we must begin, and often should end as well, with the language of the statute itself." United States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir.1998) (en banc) (quoting Merritt v. Dillard Paper Co., 120 F.3d 1181, 1185 (11th Cir.1997)). We do this because we "presume that Congress said what it meant and meant what it said." Steele, 147 F.3d at 1318.
The stabilization requirement of EMTALA provides in relevant part:
42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(b)(1) (1994) (emphasis added).
The term "to stabilize" is specifically defined by the statute. Under EMTALA, the term "to stabilize" means "with respect
In order to accurately determine the requirements of EMTALA, we must insert the definition of the term "to stabilize" where the term is used in the statute. When the definition of "to stabilize" is inserted into the stabilization requirement, the statute provides:
42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(b)(1). Reading the statute in its specifically defined context, it is evident EMTALA mandates stabilization of an individual only in the event of a "transfer" as defined in EMTALA.
By limiting application of the stabilization requirement to patient transfers, the statutory structure of § 1395dd(b)(1) makes sense. The statute is logically structured to set forth two options for transferring a patient with an emergency medical condition: a hospital must either provide stabilization treatment prior to transferring a patient pursuant to subsection (A), or, pursuant to subsection (B), provide no treatment and transfer according to one of the statutorily recognized exceptions. Hence, the stabilization requirement only sets forth standards for transferring a patient in either a stabilized or unstabilized condition. By its own terms, the statute does not set forth guidelines for the care and treatment of patients who are not transferred.
This construction gives full effect to the language and structure of the stabilization requirement. "[I]t is an elementary principle of statutory construction that, in construing a statute, we must give meaning to all the words in the statute." Legal Envtl. Assistance Found., Inc. v. EPA, 276 F.3d 1253, 1258 (11th Cir.2001) (citing Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 146, 116 S.Ct. 501, 507, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995)); see also United States v. Canals-Jimenez, 943 F.2d 1284, 1287 (11th Cir.1991) ("A basic premise of statutory construction is that a statute is to be interpreted so that no words shall be discarded as being meaningless, redundant, or mere surplusage."). Construing EMTALA to mandate stabilization
B. Legislative History
Where the language of a statute is unambiguous, as it is here, we need not, and ought not, consider legislative history. See United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 6, 117 S.Ct. 1032, 1035, 137 L.Ed.2d 132 (1997) ("Given the straightforward statutory command, there is no reason to resort to legislative history."); see also Harris v. Garner, 216 F.3d 970, 976 (11th Cir.2000) (en banc) ("When the import of the words Congress has used is clear, ... we need not resort to legislative history, and we certainly should not do so to undermine the plain meaning of the statutory language."). Even if a statute's legislative history evinces an intent contrary to its straightforward statutory command, "we do not resort to legislative history to cloud a statutory text that is clear." Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 147-48, 114 S.Ct. 655, 662, 126 L.Ed.2d 615 (1994); see also CBS, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24 Joint Venture, 245 F.3d 1217, 1229 (11th Cir.2001); United States v. Weaver, 275 F.3d 1320, 1331 (11th Cir.2001); Harris, 216 F.3d at 976; United States v. Gilbert, 198 F.3d 1293, 1299 (11th Cir.1999). Regardless of its clarity or specificity, we do not give legislative history more weight than unambiguous statutory language because "[t]he statutory language itself is the principal battlefield where the warring interests struggle against each other, and it is to that battlefield we should look for the results of the battle." CBS, Inc., 245 F.3d at 1228.
Despite this important elementary principle of statutory construction, "sometimes judges ... cannot resist the temptation to set out [legislative] history." Harris, 216 F.3d at 977; see also Weaver, 275 F.3d at 1332 ("Notwithstanding this recognized plain meaning rule, judges sometimes have not resisted the temptation to set out and discuss legislative history. We equally succumb." (citations omitted)). We likewise succumb and examine the legislative history of EMTALA. Gilbert, 198 F.3d at 1299 ("Given the plain meaning of the statutory language, we could bypass any consideration of legislative history. Nevertheless, for the sake of completeness, and because this is our first occasion to decide a Hyde Amendment case, we will look at that history.") (internal marks, footnote, and citations omitted).
The legislative history of EMTALA indicates it was intended to prevent "patient dumping," the practice of some hospital emergency rooms turning away or transferring indigents to public hospitals without prior assessment or stabilization treatment. See H.R.Rep. No. 99-241, pt. 3, at 5 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 726, 726-27; see also Gatewood v. Washington Healthcare Corp., 933 F.2d 1037, 1039-41 (D.C.Cir.1991); Cleland v. Bronson Health Care Group, Inc., 917 F.2d 266,
The legislative history of EMTALA makes clear the statute was not intended to be a federal malpractice statute, but instead was meant to supplement state law solely with regard to the provision of limited medical services to patients in emergency situations. See 131 Cong. Rec. S13,904 (1985) (remarks of Sen. Kennedy) ("Some States have laws which ensure that no emergency patient is denied emergency care because of inability to pay. But, 28 States have no such law. Federal legislation in this area is long overdue."); see also Hardy v. New York City Health & Hosps. Corp., 164 F.3d 789, 792 (2d Cir.1999); Marshall v. E. Carroll Parish Hosp. Serv. Dist., 134 F.3d 319, 322 (5th Cir.1998); Vickers v. Nash Gen. Hosp., Inc., 78 F.3d 139, 142 (4th Cir.1996); Holcomb v. Monahan, 30 F.3d 116, 117 (11th Cir.1994). EMTALA was not intended to establish guidelines for patient care, to replace available state remedies, or to provide a federal remedy for medical negligence. See Bryan v. Rectors & Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 95 F.3d 349, 350-52 (4th Cir.1996); Vickers, 78 F.3d at 142-43; Holcomb, 30 F.3d at 116. Indeed, EMTALA expressly contains a non-preemption provision for state remedies. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(f) (1994) ("The provisions of this section do not preempt any State or local law requirement, except to the extent that the requirement directly conflicts with a requirement of this section.").
The legislative history of EMTALA is consistent with the clear language of the
C. Cases Discussing EMTALA's Stabilization Requirement
In the sixteen years since EMTALA's enactment, there have been relatively few cases discussing the stabilization requirement imposed by the statute. The only opportunity we have had to address EMTALA was in Holcomb v. Monahan, 30 F.3d 116 (11th Cir.1994). Although we did not squarely address whether EMTALA's stabilization requirement imposes an obligation on hospitals to provide treatment to individuals outside the context of a transfer, our discussion in Holcomb is consistent with our conclusion here.
In Holcomb, a patient was discharged after a hospital provided an appropriate medical screening and determined there was no emergency medical condition. Id. Subsequently, the patient died and the administratix of the patient's estate brought suit claiming violations of §§ 1395dd(a) and (b). Id. In addressing the plaintiff's claims, we set forth the requirements that must be established to succeed on a § 1395dd(b) stabilization requirement claim: (1) the patient had an emergency medical condition; (2) the hospital knew of the condition; (3) the patient was not stabilized before being transferred; and (4) the hospital neither obtained the patient's consent to transfer nor completed a certificate indicating the transfer would be beneficial to the patient. Id. Although we did not need to, and did not, discuss the contours of the stabilization requirement, the stated elements could be read to imply that stabilization treatment, and any claim under EMTALA arising therefrom, arises only in the context of a transfer.
Like this Circuit, no other Circuit has squarely addressed whether EMTALA's stabilization requirement imposes an obligation on hospitals to provide treatment to individuals outside the context of a transfer.
IV. CONCLUSION
There is no duty under EMTALA to provide stabilization treatment to a patient with an emergency medical condition who is not transferred. Because Normil was not transferred, Appellant's § 1395dd(b) stabilization requirement claim fails to state a valid cause of action. In so holding, we recognize Appellant is not without recourse. Remedies provided by state malpractice and tort law remain available to redress negligent patient care by hospitals. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed with respect to the dismissal of the EMTALA claims (§§ 1395dd(a) and (b)), and reversed, in accordance with the panel opinion, with respect to the dismissal of Appellant's § 1981 claim.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
BARKETT, Circuit Judge, concurring:
Upon reconsidering the language of EMTALA, I concur in the opinion of the court and agree that because Lisa Normil was admitted as a patient, redress for negligence occurring during her emergency room care is available through state medical malpractice laws, rather than federal law.
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