ADAIR v. SHERMAN

RIPPLE, Circuit Judge.

James Adair brought this action under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. He contends that Michael Sherman and his law firm, Sherman & Sherman (collectively "Sherman & Sherman"), overvalued their secured claims in Mr. Adair's Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings. The district court held that Mr. Adair's action was barred because he had failed to object to the valuation of the claim in the bankruptcy court. For the reasons set forth in the following opinion, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I

BACKGROUND

Because the district court dismissed Mr. Adair's complaint for failing to state a claim, we consider all facts in the light most favorable to him. See Hernandez v. Joliet Police Dept., 197 F.3d 256, 262 (7th Cir.1999). In March 1997, Mr. Adair obtained a loan from First Midwest Bank ("FMB"), with an amount financed of $16,483.22. The loan was secured by a 1995 Chevrolet Lumina automobile. In July, Mr. Adair filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 13. His bankruptcy plan provided that all allowed secured claims would be paid in full, with unsecured creditors to receive a percentage of their allowed claims.

On September 3, Sherman & Sherman filed a proof of claim on behalf of FMB. The proof of claim listed the value of the Chevrolet as $19,841.43, an amount greater than the car's original purchase price. Mr. Adair did not object to the valuation of the car prior to confirmation. The Chapter 13 trustee confirmed Mr. Adair's bankruptcy plan on September 15, and allowed FMB's claim as fully secured. In June 1998, Mr. Adair filed an adversary proceeding in the bankruptcy court challenging FMB's proof of claim; that proceeding was dismissed when Mr. Adair's Chapter 13 proceeding was dismissed altogether.1

Mr. Adair subsequently filed this FDCPA complaint in district court, seeking damages for what he alleged was Sherman & Sherman's practice of overvaluing collateral in proofs of claims filed with the bankruptcy court. He contends that Sherman & Sherman overvalued collateral fraudulently, in order to establish as secured claims that should have been unsecured. The district court granted Sherman & Sherman's motion to dismiss and held that the action was barred by claim preclusion, also known as res judicata.

II

DISCUSSION

Although the district court articulated its decision in terms of claim preclusion, we believe that this case is more appropriately analyzed under the closely related, although analytically distinct, doctrine of collateral estoppel or issue preclusion.2 Under the doctrine of issue preclusion, an issue may not be litigated if the following conditions are met: (1) the issue sought to be precluded is the same as that involved in a prior action; (2) the issue was actually litigated; (3) the determination of the issue was essential to the final judgment; and (4) the party against whom estoppel is invoked was represented in the prior action. See Chicago Truck Drivers, Helpers & Warehouse Union (Indep.) Pension Fund v. Century Motor Freight, Inc., 125 F.3d 526, 530 (7th Cir.1997); La Preferida, Inc. v. Cerveceria Modelo, 914 F.2d 900, 905-06 (7th Cir.1990). As the Supreme Court of the United States has stated: "Under collateral estoppel, once an issue is actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, that determination is conclusive in subsequent suits based on a different cause of action involving a party to the prior litigation." Montana, 440 U.S. at 153, 99 S.Ct. 970. "Whether the issues are identical is a question of law." E.B. Harper & Co. v. Nortek, Inc., 104 F.3d 913, 922 (7th Cir.1997). We decide such questions de novo. See Caruso v. De Luca, 81 F.3d 666, 670 (7th Cir.1996).

Issue preclusion is an affirmative defense. See Blonder-Tongue Lab., Inc. v. University of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 350, 91 S.Ct. 1434, 28 L.Ed.2d 788 (1971). Therefore, the defendant has the burden to set forth facts sufficient to satisfy each element of the defense. See Havoco of Am., Ltd. v. Freeman, Atkins & Coleman, Ltd., 58 F.3d 303, 306 (7th Cir.1995); La Preferida, 914 F.2d at 906. We now consider whether Sherman & Sherman has satisfied each of these requirements. As we pointed out in Havoco, in determining whether these criteria have been met, it is often necessary for the court to consult substantive principles of law in order to determine the scope of the earlier judicial determination or the parties bound by that determination. See 58 F.3d at 308. In the case before us, it will be necessary to refer to the substantive law of bankruptcy and, indeed, to some extent, to the FDCPA, to determine whether the principles of issue preclusion ought to apply.

A.

We begin by examining the action of the bankruptcy court in order to determine the nature and the scope of its determination. We must ascertain whether the bankruptcy court actually and necessarily decided an issue that would now preclude recovery in the FDCPA action. Sherman & Sherman filed a proof of claim listing the value of the 1995 Chevrolet as $19,841.43. According to the bankruptcy code, any proof of claim filed by a creditor is deemed allowed, unless a party in interest objects. See 11 U.S.C. § 502(a); In re Greenig, 152 F.3d 631, 633 (7th Cir.1998).3 "A proof of claim executed and filed in accordance with the Bankruptcy Rules constitutes prima facie evidence of the validity and amount of the claim." In re Ross, 162 B.R. 785, 788 (Bankr.N.D.Ill. 1993) (citing Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3001(f)).

Mr. Adair had notice of the proof of claim prior to confirmation, but he chose not to object to it. "As a general rule, the failure to raise an objection at the confirmation hearing or to appeal from the order of confirmation should preclude attack on the plan or any provision therein as illegal in a subsequent proceeding." In re Chappell, 984 F.2d 775, 782 (7th Cir.1993) (quotation marks and ellipses omitted); see also In re Pence, 905 F.2d 1107, 1110 (7th Cir.1990). In our decision in Pence, we refused relief to a creditor who, "instead of attacking the valuation head-on at the confirmation hearing," chose "a collateral attack on the confirmation order where valuation may not be contested." Id. at 1110. Our sister circuits share our view that once a bankruptcy plan is confirmed, its terms are not subject to collateral attack. See In re Andersen, 179 F.3d 1253, 1258-59 (10th Cir.1999); In re Varat Enters., Inc., 81 F.3d 1310, 1315-17 (4th Cir.1996); In re Justice Oaks II, Ltd., 898 F.2d 1544, 1553 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 959, 111 S.Ct. 387, 112 L.Ed.2d 398 (1990); In re Szostek, 886 F.2d 1405, 1413 (3d Cir.1989); In re Gregory, 705 F.2d 1118, 1121 (9th Cir.1983).

These authorities lead us to the conclusion that, when a proof of claim is filed prior to confirmation,4 and the debtor does not object prior to confirmation,5 the debtor may not file a post-confirmation collateral action that calls into question the proof of claim. See Justice Oaks, 898 F.2d at 1553; Ross, 162 B.R. at 789 ("The law is well settled that a confirmation order is res judicata as to all issues decided or which could have been decided at the hearing on confirmation.").6 Allowing collateral attacks of the type brought by Mr. Adair would give debtors an incentive to refrain from objecting in the bankruptcy proceeding and would thereby destroy the finality that bankruptcy confirmation is intended to provide.7

In short, the bankruptcy process provides protection against fraudulent proofs of claims. Mr. Adair had the opportunity to contest Sherman & Sherman's proof of claim and practices related thereto in the bankruptcy court. Because he chose not to, he is barred from doing so here.8

B.

We are also convinced that issue preclusion applies because the FDCPA is an improper vehicle for challenging the amount of a debt established by the bankruptcy court. The FDCPA regulates the practices used to collect a debt.9 See Keele v. Wexler, 149 F.3d 589, 594 (7th Cir.1998) ("[T]he FDCPA is designed to protect consumers from the unscrupulous antics of debt collectors, irrespective of whether a valid debt actually exists."); see also Hawthorne v. Mac Adjustment, Inc., 140 F.3d 1367, 1370-71 (11th Cir.1998); Mabe v. G.C. Servs. Ltd. Partnership, 32 F.3d 86, 87-88 (4th Cir.1994); Zimmerman v. HBO Affiliate Group, 834 F.2d 1163, 1167 (3d Cir.1987). As Mr. Adair has framed his FDCPA action, it cannot succeed without a showing that the existence or amount of his debt was established improperly. However, this circuit and other federal courts have held that an FDCPA action is not an action to establish a debt but an action contesting the method of collection of that debt. See Whitaker v. Ameritech Corp., 129 F.3d 952, 957-58 (7th Cir.1997); Alger v. Ganick, O'Brien & Sarin, 35 F.Supp.2d 148, 159 n. 20 (D.Mass. 1999) (citing Whitaker); Blakemore v. Pekay, 895 F.Supp. 972, 983-84 (N.D.Ill. 1995); Azar v. Hayter, 874 F.Supp. 1314, 1317 (N.D.Fla.), aff'd, 66 F.3d 342 (11th Cir.1995).

Mr. Adair is attempting to use an FDCPA claim to attack the existence of the underlying debt, a matter already determined definitively in the bankruptcy proceeding. "The purpose of the proof of claim is to alert the court, trustee, and other creditors, as well as the debtor, to claims against the estate." In re Fernstrom Storage & Van Co., 938 F.2d 731, 734 (7th Cir.1991) (quotation marks omitted). By allowing FMB's proof of claim, the bankruptcy court confirmed the existence of a debt for Mr. Adair. To succeed on the FDCPA claim that he has brought, Mr. Adair would have to show that the value of the Chevrolet is incorrect in the proof of claim; if $19,841.43 is the proper value of the car, then Sherman & Sherman's claim is not fraudulent. However, Mr. Adair is foreclosed from collaterally attacking the valuation of the car. The amount of the debt is a matter already settled in another forum, the bankruptcy court.

In sum, as Mr. Adair has framed his FDCPA claim, he contests the amount of the underlying debt, not the method employed by the defendants in its collection. The amount of the debt was determined definitively, however, in the earlier bankruptcy proceeding when a proof of claim was submitted prior to confirmation and Mr. Adair's bankruptcy claim was later confirmed. The amount of the debt therefore cannot be relitigated in a subsequent FDCPA action by operation of the doctrine of issue preclusion.10

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.