Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge WILLIAMS.
STEPHEN F. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:
Before its amendment by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub.L. No.103-66 (the "1993 Act" or the "Act"), § 162(e) of the Internal Revenue Code ("I.R.C.") allowed businesses to deduct their direct lobbying expenditures as business expenses. In the 1993 Act, Congress amended I.R.C. § 162(e) so that lobbying expenses would no longer be deductible...
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