JOHN C. PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.
In 1986, the Supreme Court first construed amended § 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA), Pub.L. No. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437, codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1973-1973o, to conclude several North Carolina legislative districts impaired the opportunity of black voters "to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice." Thornburg v. Gingles,
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