RYAN, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff, Donald L. Black, sued Ryder/P.I.E. Nationwide, Inc. and Teamsters Local No. 519 in 1985, alleging a hybrid section 301
Local 519 also cross-appeals from the district court's denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law. It argues, first, that the district court erred in finding that the evidence was sufficient to support the conclusion that the union had breached its duty of fair representation to the plaintiff; and second, that the district court abused its discretion in excluding evidence of an NLRB decision not to issue a complaint on Black's charges against the union. We reject these arguments, and affirm the district court's judgment.
I.
Black's section 301 claim arises out of his termination by Ryder for his alleged failure to report an accident, and Local 519's alleged dereliction of its duty to represent him in the subsequent grievance proceedings.
In November 1984, Black drove a loaded truck from Knoxville, Tennessee, to Birmingham, Alabama. At that time, Black had worked for Ryder for almost twenty years. Driving in a convoy with Black on this trip, and never more than half a mile away from him, were two other drivers. During the trip, the three passed each other periodically, and verified that the trucks' turn signals were operating at all times. The three arrived at the Birmingham terminal within moments
Black and his companions then embarked on the return trip to Knoxville. Some thirteen hours after his arrival in Knoxville, Black was informed that the truck he had driven to Birmingham had been discovered to have approximately $300 worth of damage. A vehicle repair order prepared by the shop foreman at the Birmingham terminal, and signed by the mechanic, reported the following:
Because Black had turned in the truck without reporting any damage, the company informed him that he would be suspended.
Black approached Jimmy Metts, the business agent of the union, because according to the union's bylaws, the business agent had sole responsibility for representing union members in grievance proceedings. The business agent also had the duty of investigating a discharge case. At the core of Black's claim in this case is his contention that Metts, as the union representative, deliberately did an inadequate job of representing him.
Metts and Black have an acrimonious history, of which much evidence was introduced at trial in this case. Black, who had consistently been a strong union supporter, became, in the early 1980s, an active leader in a dissident group that was a political threat to those holding power in the union, including Metts. The dissident group consisted of union members who were disillusioned by what they viewed as corruption on the part of the union president who had been elected in 1980. Black's active participation in the group put him in conflict with the local and national Teamster leadership. As animosity toward the president and his associates grew within the Local, Black let it be known in July 1984 that he was going to challenge the president in the next election.
The dissension within Local 519 reached its apex in the establishment of a picket line around the local union hall in the summer of 1984. On the first morning of the picket, Metts was the first union official to come to work. As Metts drove up, several picketers, including Black, approached his car, and told him that he was part of the problem in the local union. Metts left immediately and no other official returned to the hall that day.
Local 519 officers filed a complaint against the picketers, and the Tennessee Chancery Court issued a restraining order requiring the picketers to leave the union hall. The Executive Board of Local 519 brought charges against Black and the other protestors for their conduct during the four days of picketing. At a hearing before the next higher Teamster body, Joint Council 87,
Black's subsequent section 411 claim, which derived from these incidents, was tried in June 1990. In a general verdict, the jury found in favor of the plaintiff, and the court entered judgment against Local 519 in the amount of $30,000 in compensatory damages and $10,000 in punitive damages.
In sum, there was ample evidence at trial that would allow the jury to conclude there was substantial animosity between Black and the union generally, as well as Metts specifically.
Black's grievance was heard by a joint committee, and both Black and Metts were present at the hearing. Ryder called no witnesses at the grievance committee hearing, but introduced various documents, including the vehicle repair order prepared by the Birmingham mechanic, as well as relevant correspondence, a diagram of the service aisle at the terminal, photographs of the damaged truck, and documents relating to the repairs. Ryder did not call Everett Alderson, the mechanic who discovered the damage to the truck, nor did it present any statement made by Alderson.
The theory of the case presented by Metts was that the truck was in working condition when Black left Knoxville; that there was no accident during the trip; that the truck was undamaged when Black left it at the terminal; and that the damage must therefore have occurred subsequently. In presenting this theory, Metts read Black's grievance into the record, and introduced the statements gathered from the drivers who had accompanied Black from Knoxville. In addition, pictures of the damaged truck showed it parked in a spot other than the one where Black had left it; Black testified that the truck had, therefore, obviously been moved by a hostler, and the damage must have occurred in that move.
Moreover, Alderson agreed that it was possible that a hostler had damaged Black's truck:
Alderson's testimony, then, would have significantly undercut the impact of his written accident report — prepared not by him, but by his supervisor — which said that Black's "[u]nit came in" with damage.
At trial, David Chaney, the Ryder representative who had handled Black's grievance for the company, admitted that testimony like that of Alderson would have made him less inclined to conclude that Black had damaged the truck:
The grievance committee decided the case in favor of Ryder. Black then sued Ryder and the union under section 301. At trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Black, awarding $56,408.08 in compensatory damages, $153,000.00 for emotional distress, and attorney fees against Local 519. As discussed in more detail below, the district court vacated the award for emotional distress, and the plaintiff timely appealed. In addition, the district court denied the defendant's motion for a new trial, and Local 519 filed a timely appeal from that decision.
II.
A. Emotional Distress Award
Prior to trial, Local 519 filed a motion in limine in which it asked the court "to bar the
Black now argues that in reaching this decision, the district court improperly speculated on the jury's basis for awarding damages in the general verdict given in the section 411 case, and that the court had no sound reason for concluding that the damages must have been for emotional distress.
In response, the defendant argues only that the decision to vacate the award may be supported by the doctrine of res judicata. It argues that the judgment in the section 411 claim established the plaintiff's entitlement to damages for mental distress and the amount thereof, and that neither issue should have been relitigated in the subsequent section 301 action. The two suits, the defendant argues, were meant to remedy a single wrong, which was damage to a plaintiff's mental state.
Thus, the parties' arguments ask us to consider two possible bases for vacating the jury's damage award: duplication of damages and the doctrine of claim preclusion. We shall first consider duplication of damages.
This court has not addressed the question of the appropriate standard of review of a district court's vacating of damages on the grounds of duplicative recovery. We conclude that the question whether damage awards are duplicative is one of fact, and we will therefore review the district court's determination for clear error. See U.S. Indus., Inc. v. Touche Ross & Co., 854 F.2d 1223, 1259 n. 53 (10th Cir.1988); see also Reilly v. United States, 863 F.2d 149, 165 (1st Cir. 1988); Bartholomew v. Universe Tankships, Inc., 279 F.2d 911, 918 (2d Cir.1960). "`[T]he burden is on the one claiming duplication to show that the damages assessed against it have in fact and in actuality been previously covered.'" U.S. Indus., 854 F.2d at 1260 (quoting Wood v. Diamond M Drilling Co., 691 F.2d 1165, 1171 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1069, 103 S.Ct. 1523, 75 L.Ed.2d 947 (1983)).
In U.S. Industries, the defendants objected to a jury award of $550,000 on a federal securities law claim and $614,000 on a fiduciary duty claim, arguing that the awards were partially duplicative. The district court agreed, and set forth five case-specific factors
Id. at 1259-60 (citations omitted). Underlying the court's conclusion was the common wisdom that "`an injured party may recover damages only for the actual loss he suffered and no more; he is to be made whole, but not entitled to be put in a better condition than he would be in had the wrong not been committed.'" Id. at 1259 n. 54 (citation omitted). In concluding that the factors enumerated by the district court were a sufficient basis for finding the awards duplicative, the Tenth Circuit noted that a single transaction served as the sole basis for both the federal and the state claim articulated by the plaintiff. It affirmed, determining that "while the damages that could be awarded were not necessarily identical for the two claims, the trial judge's finding on duplication is not clearly erroneous." Id. at 1260 (footnote omitted).
In the trial on Black's section 411 claim, the district court instructed the jury in relevant part as follows regarding damages:
As these instructions reveal, the jury in the section 411 action had multiple bases available to it for awarding damages to Black. In addition to compensating the plaintiff for his mental distress, the jury was instructed that it could consider "actual loss of time or money"; "physical aspects of injury"; "lost earnings or other economic loss"; "aggravation of any existing disease or physical defect resulting from [physical] injury"; as well as the expense of medical care relating to the physical, not merely the mental, aspect of his injury. In examining the jury's resulting general verdict, there is no hint as to which of those bases for recovery motivated the damage award.
In making its finding of duplication, the district court apparently overlooked the many alternative grounds for damages on which it had instructed the jury. For the district court to have concluded that the awards were duplicative required it to engage in pure speculation regarding the basis
We now turn to the defendant's argument that the issue of damages for mental distress was rendered res judicata by the jury verdict in the section 411 case. This court reviews de novo a district court's decision with regard to claim or issue preclusion. See Gargallo v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 918 F.2d 658, 660 (6th Cir.1990). The doctrine of claim preclusion, sometimes referred to as res judicata, mandates that if an action results in a judgment on the merits, that judgment operates as an absolute bar to any subsequent action on the same cause between the same parties, with respect both to every matter that was actually litigated in the first case, as well as to every ground of recovery that might have been presented. Action Distrib. Co. v. International Bhd. of Teamsters Local 1038, 977 F.2d 1021, 1026 (6th Cir.1992). In contrast, issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, dictates that once an issue is actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, that determination is conclusive in subsequent suits based on a different cause of action involving any party to the prior litigation. Id.
The defendant did not raise its res judicata theory in its motion in limine to the district court, and the district court did not rely on it in choosing to strike the damage award. It is this court's general rule that we will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. See Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Binion, 953 F.2d 1013, 1018 (6th Cir.1991). However, this court has held that "not every failure to plead res judicata ... will result in a waiver...." Lesher v. Lavrich, 784 F.2d 193, 196 (6th Cir.1986). Assuming, without deciding, that the defendant has not waived this argument, we will dispose of it on its merits.
Black's "injury" for which he filed suit was not, as the defendant claims, the damage to his mental state. Black's mental distress is an element of compensable damages, but there were two separate "injuries" on which he sued Local 519: one, under section 301, for the breach of the union's duty to fairly represent him; and two, for the violation of the rights guaranteed him under section 411. The two claims were not simply two separate grounds of recovery, but instead stemmed from entirely separate and discrete events and wrongful acts by the union. Thus, it is readily apparent that an argument of claim preclusion is inapposite, because the subsequent section 301 action was not an action on the same cause as the prior section 411 action. Issue preclusion is likewise unhelpful to Local 519, because the issue of Black's mental distress was not necessarily determined by the jury in the earlier section 411 claim. It is apparent that the section 411 jury may have believed that Black suffered mental distress, but concluded that it could not have been the union's violations of section 411 that caused the distress.
In short, we conclude that the district court erred in vacating the emotional distress aspect of the jury's damage award.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The district court denied Local 519's motion for judgment as a matter of law, rejecting the defendant's argument that Black did not present sufficient evidence on which the jury could have found a violation of the duty of fair representation. The court concluded that there was sufficient evidence "upon which a reasonable jury could believe that [Local 519's] conduct was outside a wide range of reasonableness so as to be irrational." It specifically pointed to the plaintiff's proof that "in representing the plaintiff, the Union's agent, Mr. Metz [sic], neither went
In this court, Local 519 primarily argues that the facts are insufficient to show that it breached its duty of fair representation to the plaintiff. It contends that the most the plaintiff can show is that Metts did not interview the mechanic who discovered the damage to the truck; because Metts otherwise processed the claim, however, it cannot be said that his behavior was grossly negligent or arbitrary.
Black argues that he presented a great deal of evidence that could have led the jury to conclude that the grievance proceeding against Black was the result of collusion between the Teamsters and management — that is, that the union informed management that it wished to rid itself of a troublesome member, and that management obliged. He further argues that the Local knew that Ryder's primary evidence against him would be the written report of the mechanic who examined the damaged truck, and that, therefore, to neglect to interview that mechanic amounted to irrational behavior on the part of the Local. Black contends that the mechanic's testimony at trial demonstrated that Alderson would have been a pivotal witness in the grievance process.
Motions for judgment as a matter of law are governed by recently amended Fed. R.Civ.P. 50(b). The standard of review that was applicable to the forerunner to this motion, the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, also applies to motions under the new rule. Thus, this court reviews a motion for judgment as a matter of law using the same standard used by the district court. See Marsh v. Arn, 937 F.2d 1056, 1060 (6th Cir.1991). The court should not weigh the evidence, evaluate the credibility of witnesses, or substitute its judgment for that of the jury; rather, it must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion is made, and give that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences. See Agristor Leasing v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Prods., Inc., 869 F.2d 264, 268 (6th Cir.1989).
A hybrid section 301 action involves two constituent claims: breach of a collective bargaining agreement by the employer and breach of the duty of fair representation by the union. See DelCostello v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 162, 103 S.Ct. 2281, 2289, 76 L.Ed.2d 476 (1983). "`[T]he two claims are inextricably interdependent.'" Id. at 164, 103 S.Ct. at 2290 (citation omitted). As such, "to recover against either the Company or the Union, [the plaintiff] must show that the Company breached the [Collective Bargaining] Agreement and that the Union breached its duty of fair representation." Bagsby v. Lewis Bros.,
Actions for a union's breach of its duty of fair representation depend for their rationale on the union's otherwise-complete control over the handling of an employee's grievance. "Just as ... fiduciaries owe their beneficiaries a duty of care as well as a duty of loyalty, a union owes employees a duty to represent them adequately as well as honestly and in good faith." Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. O'Neill, 499 U.S. 65, 75, 111 S.Ct. 1127, 1134, 113 L.Ed.2d 51 (1991).
Sparks v. International Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers of Am., 980 F.2d 394, 397-98 (6th Cir. 1992) (quoting DelCostello, 462 U.S. at 164, 103 S.Ct. at 2290). In the words of the seminal case on this doctrine, the duty of fair representation requires the union "to serve the interests of all members without hostility or discrimination toward any, to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and honesty, and to avoid arbitrary conduct." Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177, 87 S.Ct. 903, 909, 17 L.Ed.2d 842 (1967).
The exact breadth of the union's duty of fair representation has been given content in a number of cases. As the language of Vaca implies, and as the Supreme Court recently explained in O'Neill, the standard is a "tripartite" one, such that "a union breaches its duty of fair representation if its actions are either `arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.'" O'Neill, 499 U.S. at 67, 111 S.Ct. at 1129 (emphasis added).
Judging whether a union has acted discriminatorily or in bad faith ordinarily presents a simple and straightforward issue. But with respect to an allegation of arbitrariness, the issue is more complex: mere negligence or poor judgment on the part of the union will not support a claim of unfair representation. Walk v. P*I*E Nationwide, Inc., 958 F.2d 1323, 1326 (6th Cir.1992). As the Supreme Court has made abundantly clear, a plaintiff will not succeed if he can show only slightly unreasonable behavior on the part of the union, because "a union's actions are arbitrary only if, in light of the factual and legal landscape at the time of the union's actions, the union's behavior is so far outside a `wide range of reasonableness' ... as to be irrational." O'Neill, 499 U.S. at 67, 111 S.Ct. at 1129 (citation omitted).
To recapitulate, then, in order to succeed on his hybrid section 301 claim, Black needed to show (1) that the union breached its duty of fair representation in the handling of his grievance, either through discrimination, bad faith, or extreme arbitrariness, and (2) that Ryder breached the collective bargaining agreement by discharging him without good cause. In addition, Black needed to show (3) that the union's breach of its duty tainted the decision of the hearing panel. See Wood v. International Bhd. of Teamsters Local 406, 807 F.2d 493, 500 (6th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 483 U.S. 1006, 107 S.Ct. 3232, 97 L.Ed.2d 738 (1987). The impact of the breach on the outcome must, moreover, have been substantial; to establish a breach of fair representation, the plaintiff must meet the onerous burden of proving that the grievance process was "seriously flawed by the union's breach of its duty to represent employees honestly and in good faith and without invidious discrimination or arbitrary conduct." Hines, 424 U.S. at 570, 96 S.Ct. at 1059 (emphasis added). Thus, if a union fails to present favorable evidence during the grievance process, this failure may constitute a breach of its duty only if that evidence probably would have brought about a different decision. See Taylor v. Ford Motor Co., 866 F.2d 895, 898-99 (6th Cir. 1989).
Contrary to the contentions of the defendant, there was a real question as to whether the failure to call Alderson violated the union's duty. While in many circumstances the failure to call a particular witness cannot amount to a breach of the union's statutory duty, this is not true of every case. The union here failed to call the one witness who could have effectively and objectively corroborated Black's testimony on a vital matter. It failed, moreover, even to telephone this witness to ascertain whether he could have provided any substantiation of Black's version of the facts. Evidence presented at trial was such as to allow the jury to conclude either that the union's conduct, under the circumstances, was so arbitrary and unreasonable as to be beyond the realm of the rational, or that the union was motivated by bad faith or discriminatory animus against Black, an intra-union rival.
We conclude, moreover, that Alderson's testimony was sufficiently significant that it would likely have altered the results of the grievance proceedings. We are supported in our conclusion on this score by David Chaney, the Ryder representative who explicitly testified that Alderson's testimony would in fact have made him reconsider whether to discharge Black. Alderson's absence could therefore have been found by the jury to have greatly influenced the course of the grievance hearing.
Finally, there was ample evidence that Black did not have an accident, and that he therefore did not fail to report an accident. The jury could thus have found that Ryder breached the collective bargaining agreement by discharging Black without good cause.
The facts we have discussed support the jury's determination that the defendant violated section 301. We therefore uphold the judgment of the district court and the decision of the jury in this case.
C. Effect of NLRB Decision
Local 519 attempted at trial to admit as exhibits certain documents relating to an NLRB decision involving Black's section 301
On appeal, Local 519 makes two arguments: (1) that the NLRB decision should be given preclusive effect in this case, barring Black's section 301 claim, and (2) in the alternative, that the NLRB decision should have been admitted to show the lack of merit in Black's claim. Black argues first that the decision is not entitled to preclusive effect because it was not the end-product of a full adjudicatory proceeding; second, he contends, the NLRB decision was properly excluded from admission because it would have been more prejudicial than probative, as the jury would be likely to give the NLRB extraordinary deference.
As we have already stated, this court reviews de novo a district court's determination of questions of issue or claim preclusion. See Gargallo, 918 F.2d at 660. Although this circuit has never directly resolved the issue, other circuits have uniformly rejected the suggestion that an NLRB decision that did not result from an adjudicatory hearing should be given preclusive effect. In Warehousemen's Union Local No. 206 v. Continental Can Co., 821 F.2d 1348 (9th Cir.1987), the court held that "`the NLRB's refusal to issue a complaint does not act as res judicata ... [and] no collateral estoppel effect attaches to such refusal.'" Id. at 1351 (citations omitted). The First Circuit has likewise held that "the Regional Director's refusal to issue a complaint does not collaterally estop the charging party from litigating the matter in a later suit under section 301." Courier-Citizen Co. v. Boston Electrotypers Union No. 11, 702 F.2d 273, 277 n. 6 (1st Cir.1983).
The reasoning implicit in certain related Sixth Circuit opinions, moreover, likewise dictates that no preclusion attaches. This court has reasoned that "a factual determination by the NLRB in an action under the NLRA may preclude a federal court, hearing a case under the LMRDA, from considering renewed dispute about that fact." Olchowik v. Sheet Metal Workers' Int'l Ass'n, 875 F.2d 555, 557 (6th Cir.1989). The Olchowik court, however, then proceeded to conclude that an earlier factual determination by the NLRB did not have preclusive effect in its case, because of "the classic test for issue preclusion." Id.
Id. None of these three steps is satisfied in a case where the NLRB simply refused to issue a complaint after an administrative investigation. Therefore, no preclusive effect should be given to the NLRB documents pointed to by the defendant here.
The defendant's alternative argument for why the NLRB decision should
American Bar Association, Section of Litigation, Emerging Problems Under The Federal Rules of Evidence 59 (1983).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in choosing to exclude the evidence that the NLRB elected not to issue a complaint. The pertinent documents are, in the first place, probative of almost nothing. They do not provide the factual basis for the NLRB's conclusion of insufficient evidence, other than to state that "the record reflected that the Employer has taken action against other employees over the years for what it believed was similar job-related occurrences involving trucking equipment." Second, we agree with the plaintiff's claim that the jury would be quite likely to assign greater value to this decision than it is worth, given that it is the product only of an administrative investigation, and not of an adjudicatory procedure. Thus, the documents would be unduly prejudicial. When the possible prejudice is balanced against the negligible probative value, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the documents relating to the NLRB's decision not to issue a complaint.
III.
We
FootNotes
29 U.S.C. § 185(a). In a hybrid suit brought under this section, an employee must show both that the employer breached the collective bargaining agreement, and that the union breached its duty of fair representation.
And Ernest Parrott testified that one union official, in Metts's presence, described Black as "a member that's trying to tear the Local up." Parrott then testified: "About that time Mr. Metts said him and Don had been talking and he said, well, that no good rascal hung up on me and Burt Creesey said we need to get rid of him and Metts looked up at him and started grinning and shaking his head."
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