The issues in this case are (1) whether the State Banking Law authorizes State-chartered commercial banks to purchase and sell annuities, either directly or through a subsidiary, and
On December 20, 1989 and February 12, 1990, pursuant to requests by certain national banks, the Federal Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued Interpretive Letters No. 494 and No. 499, respectively, stating, in essence, that 12 USC § 24 (Seventh)
Petitioners then commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding challenging the State Banking Department's January 24th and May 17th Interpretive Letters, and for a judgment declaring that the sale of annuities by a bank, directly or through a subsidiary, is not an "incidental power" of the "business of banking" within the meaning of Banking Law § 96 (1). Supreme Court converted the proceeding to a declaratory judgment action to the extent necessary, and granted petitioners a judgment (1) annulling the Interpretive Letters, and (2) declaring that "the sale of annuities by a bank, directly or through a subsidiary, is not an `incidental power' of the `business of banking' within the meaning of section 96 (1)." The court reasoned that nothing in the language of Banking Law § 96 (1) expressly authorized State-chartered commercial banks to broker annuities and that such activity is not necessary to carry on the enumerated powers in the statute. The Appellate Division modified, on the law, by (1) reversing so much of the judgment as annulled the Banking Department's determination and declared that the sale of fixed-rate or variable-rate annuities by State-chartered commercial banks is not an "incidental power" of the "business of banking" under Banking Law § 96 (1), (2) confirming the Banking Department's determination, and (3) declaring that such a sale is an "incidental power" of the "business of banking" under Banking Law § 96 (1), and otherwise affirmed the judgment (190 A.D.2d 338). The Appellate Division stated that the "incidental powers" clause of Banking Law § 96 (1) was not intended to limit the power of banks to the specifically enumerated powers of the Banking Law, but, rather, was intended to permit banks to expand their banking services over time consistent with evolving business practices and their customers' needs (see, id., at 341). The Court also acknowledged that such a construction of the "incidental powers" clause does not mean that banks are free to engage in any type of business activity and that, indeed, certain types of business activities are prohibited (see, id.). This Court granted leave to appeal.
It is settled that "the construction given statutes and regulations
Banking Law § 10 authorizes the Banking Department to supervise and regulate all banking organizations. Pursuant to Banking Law § 11 (1), the Banking Department is "charged with the execution of the laws relating to the individuals, partnerships and corporations to which [the Banking Law] is applicable and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as are conferred and imposed upon it" by the laws of this State. Furthermore, the Banking Board, within the Banking Department, may pass upon and determine any matter submitted to it for its determination (see, Banking Law § 14 [2]). Clearly, the "incidental powers" clause in Banking Law § 96 (1) does not consist of common words of clear import, and that clause is susceptible to differing interpretation. Because the Banking Department is charged with the supervision and regulation of the business of all banking organizations, it is presumed to have the requisite knowledge and understanding of the operational practices of such banking organizations and of the Banking Law. We conclude that the construction of Banking Law § 96 (1) afforded by the Banking Department was not unreasonable or irrational, and that the Appellate Division correctly deferred to the Banking Department's determination that the sale of fixed-rate and variable-rate annuities by State-chartered commercial banks, either directly or through a subsidiary, is an "incidental power" of the "business of banking" within the meaning of the Banking Law.
Petitioners offer several reasons for rejecting the Banking Department's determination. First, petitioners argue that banks are prohibited from exercising any powers not expressly granted to them, and that nothing in the plain language of Banking Law § 96 (1), including the "incidental powers" clause, expressly grants State-chartered commercial banks the
In Curtis v Leavitt (15 N.Y. 9), this Court rejected a similar argument when construing analogous language in the predecessor to the current Banking Law. In that case, the Court reasoned that the enumerated powers in the statute "were evidently intended not to restrict the appropriate business of banking, but as a mere legislative definition of that business; a definition not indispensable, perhaps, but eminently useful" (id., at 58). The Court explained that since other laws restrained banks from engaging in certain activities, including the powers of discount and deposit, without legislative approval, the enumerated powers were intended to explicitly remove the restraints, rather than leaving them to be derived from the general grant to carry on the business of banking (see, id., at 58-59). In explaining that the term "necessary" should be afforded a flexible meaning, the Court stated:
We have long been mindful that the business of banking is not static but rather must adjust to meet the needs of the customers to whom banking organizations provide a valuable service. Our courts must be cognizant of these adjustments in
In Block, several New York City stockbrokers who had bought shares of stock and subscription rights on the order of a bank which was acting as agent for an unknown customer sought to recover damages after the bank refused to accept the certificates or pay the purchase price. In determining whether banks were authorized to purchase securities for the benefit of a customer, the Court acknowledged that the development and the evolution of business must also be considered. Thus, the Court stated:
Furthermore, the Court stated that the test of a bank's power to undertake certain activities "is the relation of the act to that substitution of credits which is of the essence of the banking function. Whatever risk is incidental to the fulfillment of that function, according to the practice of banking as it has developed in these days, is to be accepted and suffered as one of the perils of the business" (id., at 232; see also, O'Connor v Bankers Trust Co., 159 Misc. 920, 923, affd 253 App Div 714, affd 278 N.Y. 649 [a determination of the incidental
While this Court has not sanctioned every activity engaged in by banks as an incidental power necessary to carry on the business of banking, commercial banks in this State now engage in such activities as selling certificates of deposit, buying and selling securities on behalf of customers, establishing individual retirement accounts, and providing financial planning and investment counseling services. It therefore follows, as the precedents of this Court demonstrate, that the "incidental powers" clause of Banking Law § 96 (1) may be construed so as not to limit the term "business of banking" to those activities which are necessary to achieve the powers expressly outlined in the statute. Rather, the clause must be construed as an independent, express grant of power, intended to reflect the ever-changing demands of the banking business.
Petitioner's reliance on the failure of the Legislature to include in the Banking Law a provision expressly authorizing State-chartered commercial banks to broker fixed-rate and variable-rate annuities as proof that the Legislature did not intend to so empower those banking organizations, is unpersuasive. It is settled that inaction by the Legislature is inconclusive in determining legislative intent (see, Clark v Cuomo, 66 N.Y.2d 185, 191-192; Flanagan v Mount Eden Gen. Hosp., 24 N.Y.2d 427, 433).
Turning to petitioners' second argument, we reject the assertion that annuities are insurance which banks are not authorized to sell. To be sure, Insurance Law § 1113 (a) (2) includes "annuities" in its description of "kinds of insurance authorized." However, the great weight of authority supports the position that annuities are not insurance. First, an annuity is defined as "[a] fixed sum payable to a person at specified intervals for a specific period of time or for life. Payments represent a partial return of capital and a return (interest) on the capital investment" (Black's Law Dictionary 90 [6th ed 1990]). An insurance contract, on the other hand, is defined as "[a] contract whereby one undertakes to indemnify another against loss, damage, or liability arising from an unknown or contingent event and is applicable only to some contingency or act to occur in the future" (id., at 802). Second, this Court has repeatedly embraced the notion that annuities are not insurance (see, People ex rel. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v Knapp, 193 App Div 413, 416, affd 231 N.Y. 630
Thus, we reject the claim that annuities are a classic form of insurance. Moreover, we reject petitioners' assertion that the Banking Department exceeded its statutory authority by permitting State-chartered banks to sell insurance. By opining that section 96 (1) of the Banking Law authorized the brokerage of annuities by State banks as a power incidental to the business of banking, the Banking Department was acting within the scope of the authority delegated to it by the Banking Law (see, Banking Law §§ 10, 11 [1]; § 14 [2]; § 96 [1]).
Further, we discern no need to depart from the Banking Department's determination that the brokerage of fixed-rate and variable-rate annuities by State-chartered commercial banks is permissible because such activity falls within the bank's power to broker financial investment instruments. Indeed, State-chartered commercial banks commonly broker other financial investment instruments, including certificates of deposit and various types of securities, which closely resemble annuities.
Petitioners' claim that the Banking Department relied exclusively
Further, petitioners' assertion that the Banking Department's determination should be rejected since the OCC Letter it relied on was struck down by a Federal appellate court, is unavailing. In Variable Annuity Life Ins. Co. v Clarke (998 F.2d 1295), an insurance company commenced an action challenging OCC's Interpretive Letter of March 21, 1990, determining, among other things, (1) that 12 USC § 24 (Seventh), which grants national banks the power to engage in incidental activities necessary to the business of banking, authorized national banks to sell annuity contracts, (2) that 12 USC § 92, which permits national banks to act as insurance agents in towns with less than 5,000 inhabitants, does not limit the power of national banks to sell insurance in towns with a population of over 5,000, and (3) that annuities are not insurance. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that annuities are a form of insurance, and held that section 92 impliedly prohibits national banks from selling annuities in cities with a population larger than 5,000, and that OCC's determination that banks may sell annuities pursuant to the incidental powers clause of 12 USC § 24 (Seventh) is erroneous because the specific limitation on the power of national banks to sell insurance contained in section 92 controls the general grant of incidental power in section 24 (Seventh) (id., at 1296-1297).
New York currently has no statute that is analogous to 12 USC § 92, discussed in Variable Annuity (supra) which can be read as limiting or prohibiting the sale of annuities by banks. Moreover, as aforestated, the weight of authority is that annuities are not insurance contracts.
Finally, it is clear, as the Appellate Division noted, that Banking Law § 97 (5) permits State-chartered commercial banks to invest in the common or preferred stock of any corporation, including insurance companies other than life insurance companies, so long as the Banking Board's decision in allowing such investment comports with the mandates of Banking Law § 10 (see, Banking Law § 14 [1] [d]; § 97 [4-a]).
Order affirmed, with costs.
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