HEFFERNAN, CHIEF JUSTICE.
This is a review of a decision of the court of appeals that affirmed the judgment of the circuit court for Dane county, James C. Boll, Judge, that City of Madison's general ordinance 24.04(1) was unconstitutional.
The facts underlying the complaint against Baumann and Matthews are agreed upon by stipulation of the parties, and incorporated into that stipulation is the narrative report of Officer Brett Wisnauski, who issued the citations to the musicians.
The stipulation recites that, at the time and place in question, June 12, 1986, Baumann and Matthews were playing a violin and a guitar and singing in the 400 block of the State Street Mall at an area designated as Peace Park.
We refer to this portion of the stipulated facts only to show that there was evidence acknowledged in the stipulation that noise of the type for which the citations were issued was a continuing problem. Officer Wisnauski stated that it was not uncommon to respond to as many as 15 to 30 calls per month complaining about minstrel noise on the mall. Officer Wisnauski stated that he stood across the street with the complaining citizen. He wrote in his report:
He stated that he issued each citation on the charge of "Making Unreasonable Noise."
It is stipulated that nine years ago, State street was converted to use as a pedestrian mall. The use of the mall by motor vehicles is limited to buses, taxis, service deliveries, and emergency vehicles.
The sidewalks are broad, and the declared municipal purpose is to create a business and shopping area and, in
The defendants were professional musicians of some prominence. Both of them had their performances recorded for public sale. Neither of them ever had been "cited" for a violation of the noise ordinance. Although they had performed on the mall at various seasons of the year, they did so especially in the summer months. It was stipulated that no decibel meter or other sound-measuring device was used by the police officer. The citations were issued for "making unreasonable noise."
On this state of facts and on the motion of the defendants to dismiss the complaints because the ordinance on its face was unconstitutional, the circuit judge
The city appealed. On the appeal, the court of appeals disagreed in part with the circuit judge in that it found the ordinance not to be overbroad, but affirmed the judgment of the trial court because the ordinance was impermissibly vague.
We have accepted the case on the petition for review of the City of Madison. We reverse, holding that the ordinance is not impermissibly vague and is therefore constitutional.
The court of appeals found that the defendants were in the course of a musical presentation and therefore were indulging in expressive conduct that warrants the protection of the First Amendment. Accordingly, a major premise of the majority opinion is contained in the quotation in footnote 3:
Although the city argues that Chief Judge Eich, the sole dissenter to the court of appeals majority, disagreed with that premise and would have given the ordinance the same presumption of constitutionality that is afforded in non-First Amendment cases, we do not find that analysis of his dissenting opinion to be correct.
We agree with Baumann and Matthews' statement that the burden of establishing the constitutionality of an ordinance which impinges on First Amendment rights is upon its proponent; but we conclude, agreeing with the dissent, that the city has satisfied that burden, and any cloud of unconstitutionality has been dissipated.
It is, nevertheless, the initial duty of the person who claims the protection of the First Amendment to demonstrate that the conduct is speech or its equivalent, to which First Amendment protections apply.
The city argues that the ordinance is not aimed at the expressive or free-speech aspects that music may sometimes have—that this is an anti-noise ordinance and nothing more. It, however, implicitly recognized the correctness of the premise of the court of appeals majority that the burden, where speech is impinged upon, is upon the proponent, when it stated:
This assertion ignores the stipulated facts. The report of Officer Brett Wisnauski refers to hearing the "music" from his listening post on the other side of State street. An initial question, then, is to what degree is "music" to be accorded the status of speech protected by the First Amendment? "Music" by definition is to be accorded the presumption of the freedom of speech given by the First Amendment. "Music" is defined by the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, at 1268:
Funk & Wagnalls, New Standard Dictionary of the English Language, p. 1635, defines "Music" as:
Certainly, our history demonstrates the expressive and persuasive power of music. We need only to call to mind such songs as "Yankee Doodle," "The Star Spangled Banner," "The Bonnie Blue Flag," "Dixie," "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," "Marching Through Georgia," and "Over There." Among other inspirational hortatory songs are "The Marseillaise," "Solidarity Forever," "Rule Britannia," and the contemporaneous "freedom" and "protest" songs. Music without words may equally, perhaps more powerfully, carry a message, e.g., "Finlandia." As one poet truly said:
We are the music-makers, And we are the dreamers of dreams, Wandering by lone sea breakers,
One man with a dream, at pleasure, Shall go forth and conquer a crown; And three with a new song's measure Can trample an empire down.
Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, 14th ed. 1968, Ode by Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy.
The city argues, however, that whatever characterization is given to the sound produced by the minstrels, there was no specific message that the defendants sought to communicate. The city states, "The only apparent audience consisted of one disturbed sleeper and two neutral police officers." Surely, freedom of speech or the right thereto is not to be evaluated by the number of listeners or on their receptivity to the message. Senator William Proxmire spoke daily for years—usually to an empty Senate chamber—urging the ratification of the Genocide Treaty. Eventually, someone listened.
The courts of this country uniformly recognize the protected First Amendment aspects of music—all music.
The United States Supreme Court in Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 790 (1989), stated unequivocally that, "Music, as a form of expression and communication, is protected under the First Amendment." Thus, it appears to us that merely the unchallenged assertion that the conduct is the making of music places the activity under the protecting arms of the First Amendment. It needs no more than awareness of the
The plaintiff city and the dissenting opinion of Chief Judge Eich stoutly maintain that, whether or not the sounds made by the defendants were music, at the time of the issuing of citations, they were in violation of a constitutional city ordinance, because the music was "noise" that tended to unreasonably disturb the peace and quiet of persons in the vicinity.
The essential feature of the city's argument in its justification of the ordinance that in fact impinges upon First Amendment rights is the legitimate governmental interest in preserving the peace and quiet and that the ordinance serves that purpose. Stokes and Goldstein v. City of Madison, cited supra n.4.
The city asserts that the ordinance is not constitutionally vague. A vague statute or ordinance is infirm because it does not give notice of what is prohibited by the legislation. Where the concern is freedom of speech, we look to the face of the ordinance to guard against the possibility that a vague prohibition may deter or give pause to socially desirable conduct or expression. Because the trial court granted defendants' motion to dismiss and decided only the facial validity of the ordinance,
The facts, the ordinance itself, and the parties' agreement lead to the conclusion that the ordinance is content neutral. There is no intimation that the purpose of the ordinance was to prefer one form of speech or one viewpoint over another. Also, as the stipulation of facts reveals, this episode took place at a small park that is a part of a pedestrian mall. If ever there were a situs that clearly could be denominated as a public forum, this is it. Also, to the extent that it is contended that the ordinance stifles or thwarts freedom of expression or the communication of a particularized message, it is not disputed that alternate methods are available at times and places and by other means on the mall itself. What is at issue here is an ordinance which was used in this case to impinge upon freedom of expression late at night when the expression took the form of music that aroused the ire of at least one citizen.
The challenge is vagueness. A vague statute, when it impinges upon fundamental First Amendment rights, is not enforceable for, by definition, a vague statute is of such a nature that persons cannot know their rights and responsibilities. The void for vagueness doctrine was well set forth in State v. Princess Cinema of Milwaukee, 96 Wis.2d 646, 292 N.W.2d 807 (1980). This court said:
Id. at 656.
Princess Cinema at 657.
There is no contention, nor can there be, that there does not exist a governmental interest that in some cases can justify some impingement upon freedom of expression. Implicit in this rarely justifiable encroachment on freedom of speech is the principle that the encroachment be clearly defined, that persons who seek to exercise free speech and officers who attempt to enforce restrictions will not have to resort to nebulous provisions that give no guidance either to possible violators or to enforcers. But it is fundamental, as the United States Supreme
Defendant specifically recognizes that the city may regulate free speech, including music, but can only do so for the purpose of implementing a significant governmental purpose, and it can do so only when it leaves open other opportunity for freedom of speech and then only by regulations that are not vague.
Defendants concede that the ordinance has a legitimate public purpose, the control of noise to preserve the peace and quiet of the city, but the ordinance may not constitutionally accord to policemen or other public officials limitless discretion in deciding whom to prosecute; nor, defendants contend, can the ordinance so lack specificity that it gave no notice to the defendants that their performance on the evening of June 12, 1986, was prohibited by the ordinance.
Fundamentally, the position of the defendants and of the court of appeals is simply: How were the defendants to know that playing music as they did, with the amplitude at which they played, where and when they played, would subject them to legal sanctions? And they could only know, defendants contend, i.e., have proper notice by the ordinance, if the ordinance were written in respect to a particular context as in Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104 (1972), where the prohibition on
Alternatively, the defendants suggest that to protect the legitimate governmental interest the city set specific times and places at which music can be played, and that some appropriate decibel level be mandated, so it can be known with absolute certainty by all concerned what conduct is prohibited. There is no doubt that such ordinance would be constitutional, at least in the face of a "void for vagueness" challenge. Whether it would state good public policy is not for this court to decide.
Public policy in the instant case has been formulated by the common council of the City of Madison. Our task is not to formulate an ordinance that would withstand all constitutional challenge. Rather, ours is to determine whether this ordinance, recognizing as we do that it impinges on free speech, can, on its face, be found to be constitutional.
We have established that some such encroachment is permissible in the face of a substantial governmental interest. Thus, the question is whether the ordinance is "narrowly tailored" to further the appropriate governmental interest of assuring peace and quiet while yet giving warning and notice of the regulation in order to avoid inappropriately curtailing speech because the prohibition is vague.
The ordinance is not so vague that one can but guess at its meaning. We said in State v. Zwicker, 41 Wis.2d 497, 507, 164 N.W.2d 512 (1969), citing Landry
In State v. Givens, 28 Wis.2d 109, 117, 135 N.W.2d 780 (1965), we relied upon Jordan v. DeGeorge, 341 U.S. 223 (1951), for the proposition that "[t]he fact that a statute fails to itemize with particularity every possible kind of conduct which would violate such statute does not make it unconstitutionally vague."
The city argues that the provision of the ordinance "tending to unreasonably disturb the peace and quiet of persons in the vicinity," correctly read and interpreted, gives the ordinance the necessary freedom from vagueness. The defendants argue that it is this very provision that creates vagueness. Defendants ask: How is unreasonably to be interpreted—particularly when whether the conduct is reasonable depends upon the subjective reaction of one in the vicinity, one who may be hypersensitive or perhaps subjectively unreasonable?
We conclude that the word, "reasonably," saves the ordinance from the infirmity of vagueness. The reasonable-person standard is one that has been relied upon in all branches of the law for generations. It permeates our negligence law. In the opinion cited above, Landry v.
While the consideration of reasonable or unreasonable person, reasonable or unreasonable noise, reasonable or unreasonable disturbance can verge on the metaphysical (counsel for defendants at oral argument apparently saw little difference in the concepts), we are not required to write upon a clean slate. The issue has been decided by this court.
The criminal statute at issue in State v. Zwicker, 41 Wis.2d 497, 502, 164 N.W.2d 512 (1969), provided:
The critical words of the Zwicker statute in relation to the present case are "unreasonably loud . . . conduct under circumstances in which such conduct tends to cause or provoke a disturbance." That statute was upheld as against a challenge for vagueness that specifically focused on the function of the word, "unreasonably." The court in Givens, discussing the same statute, referred to the legislative committee's report which commented upon the statute when it was first proposed. That committee discussed the use of the word, "unreasonably," as it appeared in the disorderly conduct statute. The word was referred to in the legislative committee's report at least three times to demonstrate that its purpose was to permit flexibility in assuring law and order, but that it also was definite enough to prevent abuses in administration.
Givens, 28 Wis. 2d at 116-17.
The Madison ordinance, like the criminal statute in Zwicker and Givens, is concerned with curbing disorderly conduct, but 24.04(1) is focused on noise alone.
These legislative acts, however, are substantially analogous. As the legislative committee's comment makes clear, the word, "unreasonably," is the linchpin that prevents excessive discretion in the police and which gives guide to persons in respect to their conduct. In each case the concept of reasonableness is what prevents the actor from being at the mercy of the hypercritical. It is what will disturb a reasonable person that is actionable. What a reasonable person would avoid doing at the time and place in the sense of making noise—whether that noise is music or not—is all that is asked by the Madison ordinance for musicians to avoid a citation.
We look to the facts of this case to determine how this ordinance has been interpreted. We conclude it was interpreted appropriately and constitutionally. The report of Officer Brett Wisnauski states:
Officer Wisnauski expressly made his decision to issue the citations on the basis of what was reasonable under the circumstances. In our view, and in the view of
To the extent that the ordinance needs any judicial gloss to assure that it is constitutional, we need only state that the proper standard clearly apparent to the police officer from the face of the ordinance and equally apparent to the musicians was to act reasonably in the circumstances. We conclude that such action, as in Zwicker, saves the ordinance from any facial defect. The conduct of the police officer in the instant case is mandated by the requirement of reasonableness in the ordinance itself. We therefore hold that the ordinance on its face passes constitutional muster. It is not void for vagueness.
There remains a substantial question to be resolved—a question that arises by reason of the language used by the majority in the opinion of the court of appeals.
That court states, at 395, that, where there is an impingement upon the free exercise of speech, even in circumstances justified by protection of governmental interests, the test of whether the impingement is permitted is whether it passes the test of "heightened scrutiny." We do not understand that to be the test or that
It should be pointed out that the minority justices in Ward differed from the majority in respect to the definition of "narrowly tailored." Nonetheless, it appears
Because the case arose on a motion to dismiss, the city's prosecution is not at an end. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals and declare that the ordinance is not vague and remand to the circuit court for further proceedings.
By the Court.—Decision reversed and remanded.
FootNotes
Stokes and Goldstein v. City of Madison, 930 F.2d 1163 (7th Cir., 1991).
Id. at 518.
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