FUSTE, District Judge.
Appellant-defendant Neal R. Bruckman ("Bruckman") appeals his conviction after jury verdict on twenty-five counts of mail fraud under Title 18, United States Code, Section 1341. The indictment alleged that Bruckman and others schemed to defraud various persons and entities by inducing them to enter into business combinations with Aetna Properties, Inc. ("Aetna") and Oxford Capital Corp. ("Oxford"). The scheme was carried out in part through the use of fraudulent financial statements for Aetna and Oxford. Such statements were mailed in the course of the intended acquisition of South Shore Vending, Inc. ("South Shore").
Appellant Bruckman raises three issues on appeal: 1) whether there was sufficient evidence to support his conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, for knowingly causing the mailings in furtherance of a scheme to defraud; 2) whether the conviction must be reversed due to violation of the Speedy Trial Act; and 3) whether the trial court erred in denial of his motion to correct or exclude certain victim impact assessment information included in the presentence report. We discuss each of appellant's arguments in turn, and for the reasons set forth below, we affirm Bruckman's conviction, but remand for a clarification of the record pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(c)(3)(D).
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In reviewing Bruckman's claim, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government to determine whether there was sufficient evidence to permit a reasonable jury to find Bruckman guilty of the alleged mail fraud violations.
In 1982, individuals associated with Bruckman attempted to purchase South Shore, which was already under the protection of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court, through a reorganization plan under Chapter 11. The purchase of South Shore was to be effected by Oxford, using cash and Aetna stock. Additional Aetna stock was to be used to purchase the claims of South Shore's creditors. In the context of discussions concerning the acquisition, Bruckman and others represented to Dennis Nixon, the owner/debtor in possession of South Shore, that Aetna was a shell company started and principally owned by Bruckman, with stock valued at $3.50 to $4.00 per share. The record illustrates that
In order to constitute a violation of the mail fraud statute, a defendant must have knowingly caused the mails to be used in furtherance of a scheme to defraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 1341. The statute does not require that the scheme actually contemplate the use of the mails, but a person is deemed to have "caused" the mails to be used "[w]here one does an act with knowledge that the use of the mails will follow in the ordinary course of business, or where such use can reasonably be foreseen, even though not actually intended...." Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 8-9, 74 S.Ct. 358, 362-63, 98 L.Ed. 435 (1954); accord, United States v. Delgado Figueroa, 832 F.2d at 696-97 (government not required to show actual intent that mail be used or to violate statute). It is not necessary to prove that the defendant personally executed the mailings, but merely that the defendant "caused the mailing by doing some act from which it is reasonably foreseeable that the mails will be used." United States v. Gonzalez-Sanchez, 825 F.2d at 588 & n. 54-55. The fact that an innocent third party, i.e., the Bankruptcy Court herein, sent the mailings, is sufficient where the use of the mails would foreseeably follow in the ordinary course of business. United States v. Fermin Castillo, 829 F.2d 1194, 1198 (1st Cir.1987); United States v. Benmuhar, 658 F.2d at 16-17. In other words, the causation requirement is met so long as some use of the mails was reasonably to be anticipated in the course of the scheme. United States v. Fermin Castillo, 829 F.2d at 1198.
Bruckman contends that there is insufficient evidence that he had knowledge of the mailings or that such mailings were reasonably foreseeable. Upon a review of the evidence, we disagree. We note that Bruckman was not a naive, unsuspecting participant in the South Shore endeavor, but rather a sophisticated investor and businessman, with a principal role in the overall elaborate scheme to defraud. The jury could reasonably have found that Bruckman had knowledge of the submission of the fraudulent financial statements to the Bankruptcy Court in furtherance of the scheme to defraud. In any event, the question of whether Bruckman had actual knowledge that the Court would issue a mass mailing of the fraudulent statements to creditors is not dispositive as to the question of whether Bruckman knowingly caused the mailings within the meaning of the mail fraud statute. There was ample evidence from which the jury could conclude both that Bruckman participated in the scheme to defraud, and that some use of the mails was to be anticipated in the course of such scheme. The jury could reasonably infer that mailings would be foreseeable in the course of the bankruptcy reorganization proceedings related to the intended acquisition of South Shore by Bruckman and others. Accordingly, there is sufficient evidence from which the jury could have reasonably concluded that Bruckman knowingly caused the mailings which are the subject of the indictment in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341.
II. THE SPEEDY TRIAL ACT
The "linchpin" provision of the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161-3174
This thirteen-day time period is excludable due to a motion for continuance filed by the government on January 23, 1987 and "allowed" by the district court on February 3, 1987.
Section 3161(h)(8)(A) generally requires that no period of delay resulting from a continuance granted by the court shall be excludable for the purposes of Speedy Trial Act computations unless the court sets forth in the record "its reasons for finding that the ends of justice served by the granting of such continuance outweigh the best interests of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial." 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A). In United States v. Rush, 738 F.2d 497 (1st Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1004, 105 S.Ct. 1355, 84 L.Ed.2d 378 (1985), we stated that the purpose of the requirement is to insure that the relevant criteria are carefully considered by the trial court and to provide a reviewable record for appeal. Id. at 507 (no violation where text of order taken together with subsequent statements explains factual basis under relevant criteria). Bruckman argues, based upon the language in Rush, that the district court herein was required to supplement the record so that the factual basis for the continuance may be gleaned from the text of the ruling taken
The seventieth non-excludable day would thus be October 17, 1987, and Bruckman's trial was not begun until October 20, 1987. However, because October 17, 1987 fell on a Saturday, the application of Fed.R. Crim.P. 45(a) did not require trial to commence until the following Monday, in this case, October 19, 1987.
III. THE PRESENTENCE REPORT
Bruckman suggests that his sentence be vacated and the case be remanded for resentencing due to alleged error committed by the district court in the denial of his motion to correct the presentence report, and sentencing made in apparent reliance on the controverted information.
Pursuant to Rule 32(c)(2)(C), the presentence report must contain "information concerning any harm, including financial, social, psychological, and physical harm, done to or loss suffered by any victim of the offense." Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(c)(2)(C) (Rule Applicable to Offenses Committed Prior to Nov. 1, 1987). Such data is referred to as "victim impact" information. In accordance with Rule 32(c)(2)(C), the sentencing judge may properly consider victim impact information concerning financial losses of victims, in the context of a mail fraud case. See United States v. Monaco, 852 F.2d 1143, 1150 (9th Cir.1988), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 864, 102 L.Ed.2d 988 (1989); United States v. Serhant, 740 F.2d 548, 551-53 (7th Cir.1984). Bruckman's presentence report adopted the government's assessment of victim impact. That assessment estimated the financial loss to victims on the basis of the overall scheme to defraud at $875,000. This figure was derived by using a $3.00 valuation of the Aetna stock, and determining the amount of such stock which was promised or transferred to each of the victims in exchange for interest in businesses owned by the victims.
At the sentencing hearing held on December 16, 1987, Bruckman's counsel made an oral motion to correct or delete the victim impact assessment information as stated in the presentence report with reference to Rule 32. This motion was specifically denied by the district court. Bruckman complains that the assessment was based on the computation of alleged promised benefits and not on the proper criteria which must reflect actual victim loss. Appellant grounds his argument on evidence that the victim businesses were, for the most part, financially troubled and received some cash from the co-schemers as part of the endeavor. Bruckman's theory seems to assert that because some of these businesses were virtually worthless or bankrupt, they could not suffer the assessed quantity of loss, which was measured by the purported value of the Aetna stock. Bruckman maintains that some of these victims rather than incurring a loss, may in fact have "gained" due to the infusion of cash, which in some cases permitted the businesses to remain in operation. At the very least, Bruckman argues that any measurement of victim loss should "net out" the cash actually transferred to the victims in the execution of the scheme. Therefore, he asserts that the measure of actual loss or harm to these victims cannot be determined solely by reference to the purported value of the Aetna stock that they were given or promised. Bruckman thus contends that the estimated victim impact assessment amount of $875,000 was disproportionately inflated, and that the district court erred by denying his motion to correct the presentence report which contained this figure. The appellant further argues that the trial court relied on such erroneous information in the determination of his sentence, as constituting a measure of the seriousness of the offense, and that such reliance constitutes error which requires resentencing.
Rule 32(c)(3)(D)
A violation of Rule 32(c)(3)(D) results where the allegations of factual inaccuracy were before the court at sentencing but there is no indication that the court made any findings as to the accuracy of the challenged portions nor appended a written record of such determination. See United States v. Jiménez-Rivera, 842 F.2d 545, 551-52 (1st Cir.), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 2882, 101 L.Ed.2d 917 (1988). Where the trial court does not make a finding (under subpart (i)) and it is not clear that the court determined that it would not rely on the disputed presentence report information (under subpart (ii)), a remand is appropriate. Id.; United States v. Serino, 835 F.2d 924, 932 (1st Cir.1987). In such situation, the case is remanded for the district court to clarify whether or not the contested matters were considered and if so, the original sentence must be vacated and resentencing is required. Id. If the district court indicates that the disputed items were not taken into account for sentencing purposes, it must endorse a written disclaimer to that effect to be appended to the presentence report and the sentence will stand. Id. However, that is not the situation before us.
In this case, the record indicates that the trial court did make a "finding" under subpart (i) of Rule 32(c)(3)(D), that there was no inaccuracy in the presentence report. In order to comply with the requirements of Rule 32(c)(3)(D) under subpart (i), the sentencing court must consider the alleged errors and have "found that there was a sufficient basis for belief in the accuracy of the statements in the presentence report." United States v. Monaco, 852 F.2d at 1147-50 (no abuse of discretion in trial court denial of evidentiary hearing to challenge alleged inaccuracies in victim impact material in mail fraud case). Compliance with Rule 32(c)(3)(D) may be found despite the fact that the trial court made no specific written finding on the record as to the alleged inadequacies in the presentence report and relied on the disputed information. United States v. Moran, 845 F.2d at 138-39.
The district court in this case heard the evidence presented at trial, as well as oral argument at sentencing concerning the validity of the victim impact assessment. Bruckman presented no additional
A separate prescription of Rule 32(c)(3)(D) requires that a written record of the trial court's "findings and determinations" made under either subpart (i) or (ii) concerning the controverted matter must be appended to the presentence report. From the record before us, it is not clear that the district court herein complied with this obligation. As set forth above, we have determined that the district court in Bruckman's case made a finding under subpart (i) that the disputed material did not constitute a factual inaccuracy in the presentence report, and accordingly, the sentencing judge was entitled to rely on such information. The Seventh Circuit reached the same conclusion in the case of United States v. Moran, 845 F.2d at 138-39, wherein the trial court had similarly failed to append a record of its findings to the presentence report. We reiterate the Moran court's cautionary instruction that faithful adherence should be maintained to the mandatory procedural attachment requirements of Rule 32(c)(3)(D), which will spare later unnecessary effort to uncover the trial court's "findings." Id. at 139. In Moran, the failure to attach the written record of findings was characterized as a ministerial matter which had already been remedied, because the transcript of the sentencing proceeding had since been appended to the presentence report. Id. Therefore, in that case, the Seventh Circuit did not remand despite the failure of the trial court to attach a written record of its findings that it had resolved the factual dispute against the defendant. Id. We are presented with a different situation, where the trial court's findings and determinations have not yet been appended to the presentence report.
We find a remand to be the most prudent route in the potentially ambiguous situation where the trial court has failed to append its findings or determination under either subpart (i) or (ii) of Rule 32(c)(3)(D). Even in cases where the trial court has indicated that it would not consider the disputed information pursuant to subpart (ii) of Rule 32(c)(3)(D), a remand without vacating the sentence is required if the court fails to attach a record of that determination to the presentence report. See, United States v. Santamaría, 788 F.2d 824, 829 (1st Cir.1986) (remand for court to attach findings without vacating sentence); United States v. Castillo-Román, 774 F.2d 1280, 1283-85 (5th Cir. 1985) (remand required for attachment of copy of findings is of ministerial nature and does not require vacating sentence). Requiring attachment of the trial court's findings furthers the goal of Rule 32(c)(3)(D) to provide appellate courts and administrative agencies with a complete and clarified record for the future use of the presentence report in their decision-making processes. United States v. Eschweiler, 782 F.2d at 1390-91 (without attached determination there will be no record that defendant alleges information to be inaccurate). We remand so that the trial court may append its findings and determinations as to the controverted material,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm Bruckman's conviction, but remand so that the district court may comply with Rule 32(c)(3)(D).
FootNotes
Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(c)(3)(D) (Rule Applicable to Offenses Committed Prior to Nov. 1, 1987).
Comment
User Comments