HARRIS, J.S.C.
I.
Introduction.
This landlord-tenant action explores the outer limits of the power and the discipline of the court in connection with a summary dispossess action grounded upon the permanent retirement of real property from residential use. This case raises sensitive issues concerning the separation of powers between the Judiciary and the Legislature, and demands a careful analysis of the legislative intent of the 1986 amendments to the Anti-Eviction Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1 et seq. For the reasons which follow, the court determines that the failure of plaintiff to have scrupulously followed all notification procedures mandated by the 1986 amendments to the Anti-Eviction Act, requires that its complaints
II.
Procedural Posture of the Action.2
On June 24, 1987, plaintiff, as managing agent
On January 10, 1989, plaintiff commenced this action by filing seven identical complaints alleging plaintiff's right to a judgment of possession by virtue of its compliance with N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1(h). An initial trial date of February 3, 1989 was scheduled in accordance with R. 6:5-2, but it was adjourned pending the result of defendants' motion pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:18-60 to transfer the actions. See R. 6:4-1(g). The transfer motion was denied, and the matter commenced trial on April 6, 1989.
Defendants made a number of motions to dismiss the action during plaintiff's case, and at its conclusion (in accordance with R. 4:37-2(b)), but all were denied to enable a full record to be developed.
III.
Findings of Fact.
Plaintiff is the managing agent for Tri-State Capital Corp. of real property located in the Borough of Fort Lee, commonly known as 2025 Lemoine Avenue. It is a 22-unit building presently adapted to residential use which the owner intends to retrofit and convert to office/commercial uses, in apparent conformity with local land use regulations. In so doing, the property will be completely retired from residential use
On January 10, 1989, the day these summary dispossess actions were initiated, plaintiff finally sent to the Department of Community Affairs and the Fort Lee Rent Leveling Board notice that should have been provided over 18 months earlier.
As of the trial date, plaintiff was in possession of a partial demolition permit from the Borough of Fort Lee to enable it to begin the process of rehabilitation leading ultimately to its permanent retirement from the residential rental market. Plaintiff claims that it need not obtain site plan approval from Fort Lee
Defendants produced each tenant as a witness for the purpose of indicating that neither the landlord nor any public agency had made any attempt whatsoever to offer or provide relocation assistance, comparable housing, or moving expenses. These witnesses also testified that they had each made complaints to plaintiff about the conditions of their apartments (largely limited to water and ceiling damage) and to the local building department. Defendants have relied upon these complaints as the primary basis for claiming the benefits of N.J.S.A. 2A:42-10.10 et seq., which precludes retaliatory evictions.
IV.
Conclusions of Law.
A.
Obtaining Necessary State or Local Permits or Approvals.
Plaintiff has admitted that it has not yet obtained all of the necessary state and local permits or approvals in order to transform the property into an office/commercial use. It seeks to be excused from the mandate of N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1b on the basis of impracticality of performance, a creative theory of law, to say the least. It relies upon the opinion of its architect for the proposition that a structural engineer will not conduct the comprehensive analysis of the building for purposes of preparing plans for a building permit until all tenants are removed. This appears to create a problem of circularity since the studies cannot be conducted unless the tenants are removed,
N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1b provides in pertinent part as follows:
The most noteworthy feature of this statute is its use of the word "eviction," rather than "judgment of possession," which is found, for example, in N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.2
But this analysis does nothing to address the circularity problem created by plaintiff's architectural and engineering studies. If this iteration continues, plaintiff will succeed in retiring this building only after the last tenant dies or voluntarily moves out. However, this is not the mandate of the statute. N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1b is concerned only with land use issues, not construction issues. This is evident from its creation of a presumption against permanent retirement if the land use
B.
Reprisals.
Although defendants are entitled to rely upon the rebuttable presumption that this summary dispossess action is in reprisal for the tenants' activities under N.J.S.A. 2A:42-10.12, plaintiff has clearly and convincingly overcome this presumption. There is unrebutted evidence that plaintiff began its initial eviction activity in August 1986, well before most, if not all, of defendants' complaints about their living conditions. The court conceives of no basis to suggest that plaintiff's actions were retaliatory under the reprisal statutes. Perhaps plaintiff is fed up with the tenants, or worse, it believes that it may earn greater profits from the land if it is devoted to commercial use. Nevertheless plaintiff has not evinced any ill-will or bad faith towards the tenants which even remotely would qualify as evidence that this action is a reprisal. While it may well be true that plaintiff will not be inviting defendants to plaintiff's next Christmas party, the love lost between the parties is not of
C.
Notice to Public Agencies.
It is very difficult to be a landlord in New Jersey. In order to obtain the benefits of expedition inherent in the statutory summary dispossess vehicle, a landlord must hurdle a number of sometimes mindboggling procedural obstacles before obtaining a judgment of possession. This is the prize: a judgment of possession, but sometimes landlords avert their eyes from the prize only to stumble, and the prize eludes them. In order to earn such a judgment, the landlord must follow a carefully disciplined and orchestrated course; otherwise it may fall off the track and must return to the starting point. Although there may be doubt or debate as to the wisdom of this obstacle course laid by the Legislature, the statutory language is clear. As such, courts are powerless to assist a fallen landlord. See Georgia King Associates v. Fraiser, 210 N.J.Super. 146, 148 (App.Div. 1986).
All of the provisions of the Anti-Eviction Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1 et seq. must be read sensibly and in pari materia. Lowenstein v. Murray, 229 N.J.Super. 616 (Law Div. 1988). Harmonization with an application of logic and common sense is the task of the court. It is neither for the court to invade the province of the Legislature by making what it may consider better sense of a statutory scheme, nor is it the court's role to robotically apply legislation literally without regard to fairness and pragmatism.
Landlords are not charities. They are not philanthropic entities who are in business to subsidize their tenants. Landlords are, however, generally speaking, honest business entities who are merely trying to achieve the American dream of profiting
However, the Legislature has targeted certain practices of some landlords for special oversight and careful examination. For example, L. 1978, c. 139 specially protects tenants in Atlantic City. So, too, is the 1986 amendment to the Anti-Eviction Act a legislative device that commands the Judiciary to cock an eyebrow, and place the conduct of landlords under special scrutiny. It is not this court's function to try to fathom every eventuality which the Legislature may have missed in a given statutory scheme and then mold some creative relief for the landlord who claims to be the exception to the rule. Rather, every landlord who seeks relief in a summary dispossess procedure must abide by and follow every rule set for it by the Legislature.
One of these rules is set out in N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1c which requires:
Another rule is the following, from N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1d, applicable in a rent-controlled municipality such as Fort Lee:
Plainly, plaintiff violated these provisions, but now seeks to be immunized from its noncompliance by arguing that since it fully intends to truly retire its property from residential use on a permanent basis, it need not follow the five-day time period. In support of its argument is its claim that notice to the public agencies "only serves an informational purpose under the circumstances
Defendants contend that notice to the public agencies is required because Defendants are entitled to the comparable housing and relocation benefits of N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.13 et seq. and 61.22 et seq. These arguments are patently without merit. First, N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.13 et seq. clearly and convincingly applies only to tenancies located in Atlantic City. To devote any more discussion to this fanciful argument would tend to give it the appearance of having even a scintilla of substance. See Plaza Joint Venture v. Atlantic City, 174 N.J.Super. 231 (App.Div. 1980). Second, N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.22 (New Jersey Senior Citizens and Disabled Protected Tenancy Act) manifestly applies only to conversions of rental housing into condominium, cooperative, planned residential development, or separable fee simple ownership regimes. N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.24(f). It has no applicability whatsoever to a situation involving the permanent retirement of a building from residential use. Logically, perhaps, this remedial statute — at least with regard to its provisions for comparable housing and relocation expenses — should be applied to the permanent retirement of a building from residential use. However, the Legislature has made it clear beyond cavil that protected tenancy status applies only in conversion scenarios. See Edgewater Inv. Assoc. v. Edgewater, 201 N.J.Super. 286 (Ch.Div. 1984), aff'd in part, rev'd in part 201 N.J.Super. 267 (App.Div. 1985), aff'd 103 N.J. 227
Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that the statute is designed to alert the public agencies so that if the landlord ultimately decides to renege on its representation to permanently retire the property from residential use, there will be a monitoring system available to protect the displaced tenants. As such, Plaintiff argues that it matters not when the notice is given to these public agencies as long as the agencies receive notice in time to allow them to set up an administrative scheme to protect the tenants in the event the landlord decides to resume residential use of the property. Plaintiff claims that giving the notice on the very day that the instant complaints were filed does not do violence to the purpose of the statutory scheme, and its tardiness should be ratified. Plaintiff also argues that the lack of timely notice to the public agencies has not directly prejudiced or visited detriment upon any of the individual defendants.
The court well recognizes the Legislature's purpose in enacting L. 1986, c. 138. It was designed to prevent landlords from making an end-run around protected tenancies by disguising conversions in the costume of a permanent retirement
Even if this notice statute has been violated, what is the penalty? In a permanent retirement from residential use situation, N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.2(d) provides for the express written termination notice to be provided to tenants at least 18 months before institution of a summary dispossess action. This statute is fundamentally a procedural and jurisdictional provision that needs little explication. Harry's Village, Inc. v. Egg Harbor Tp. 89 N.J. 576 (1982); Kroll Realty v. Fuentes, 163 N.J.Super. 23 (App.Div. 1978); 25 Fairmount Ave., Inc. v. Stockton, 130 N.J.Super. 276 (Cty.D.Ct. 1974). Is it necessary to additionally burden the landlord with the ghastly penalty of having to reserve its tenants with 18 months notice before instituting a summary dispossess action because of violations of N.J.S.A. 2A:18-61.1c and -61.1d? Unfortunately, the answer is yes.
The principle of harmonization of a comprehensive statute such as the Anti-Eviction Act compels the court to find that each element must have a purpose and an enforcement quotient. The court has already discussed the purposes of the five-day notice provision. This provision's enforcement quotient contains the inherent penalty that noncompliance will affect the landlord in the place that hurts the most: a summary dispossess action. Since no other penalty is provided for noncompliance, and the Legislature is presumed to be aware of the burgeoning case law which strictly enforces the time and notice
The court should not be placed in the awkward position of determining whether a notice on the 6th day, 6th month, or 18th month is "substantial compliance." This issue should never arise. The legislation is clear and unambiguous. The court is not in a position to second guess or make a better world for plaintiff than the one in which it finds itself as created by the Legislature. If remediation is necessary to relieve plaintiff of the harsh result ordered in this case, that is for another sphere of government, not the Judiciary. The statutes under consideration here are plain, straightforward, and serve legitimate purposes of public policy. The court will not disturb the judgment of the Legislature, especially in such a simple scheme when plaintiff has failed or neglected to follow the command of the law. Indeed, planning by individuals and businesses alike would be frustrated if courts failed to give predictable effect to the plain language of statutes, simply because of an error or ignorance of the law. Cf. General Trading Co. v. Taxation Div. Dir., 83 N.J. 122 (1980).
V.
Conclusion.
Based upon the foregoing, the complaints shall be dismissed. To borrow a concept and paraphrase from the Supreme Court in another context, when dealing with tenants, landlords must turn square corners. See F.M.C. Stores v. Morris Plains, 100 N.J. 418, 426 (1985).
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