JONES, Justice.
This case presents the question whether plaintiff proved the common-law tort of wrongful discharge. A jury awarded plaintiff damages for lost wages, emotional distress and punitive damages. Defendant appealed and the Court of Appeals reversed. We allowed review and reverse the Court of Appeals, 65 Or.App. 160, 670 P.2d 218, and affirm the trial court judgment.
Much of the evidence is in dispute in this case. Because the jury's verdict was for plaintiff, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff. Green v. Uncle Don's Mobile City, 279 Or. 425, 427, 568 P.2d 1375 (1977).
In December, 1979, plaintiff managed one of defendant's Portland restaurants. Plaintiff asked his district manager, Ledbetter, how to handle Ms. White, a black employe with whom plaintiff had been having trouble. Ledbetter advised plaintiff to talk with White, which he did, and plaintiff believed the problems were resolved.
During the same time, Ledbetter, who also had been manager of this restaurant, received comments from customers about the restaurant. The customers complimented the service and food but reported that they would not be eating there as often because there were too many black employes. Ledbetter implied to plaintiff, who is black, that plaintiff should fire Ms. White to make room for a white employe. On December 18, 1979, plaintiff fired White.
When White applied for unemployment compensation she reported that she had been discharged to make room for a white employe. On January 9, 1980, Ledbetter called a meeting with plaintiff because he knew that White could not be lawfully discharged for that reason. At that meeting, Ledbetter filled out a Unit Service Report
The report concluded that White must be reinstated. Plaintiff refused to sign the report because he felt it contained untrue statements. Specifically, plaintiff objected to the statement that White had asked plaintiff to sleep with her and when he refused she caused dissension at work. Ledbetter warned plaintiff that refusing to sign the report could jeopardize his employment.
On January 15, 1980, Ledbetter and his supervisor, Messal, met with plaintiff. Messal insisted that plaintiff sign the report and rehire White. Plaintiff refused, saying that White did not want to be rehired because she had obtained a better job. Messal terminated plaintiff as manager but offered him the position of assistant manager in a Eugene outlet. Plaintiff refused the offer and was discharged.
The question in this case is whether plaintiff has proved a claim for the common-law tort of wrongful discharge on the basis that he was required to sign a false and potentially defamatory statement to retain his employment.
The general rule regarding employment at will is that an employer may discharge an employe or an employe may quit at any time for any reason. Simpson v. Western Graphics, 293 Or. 96, 99, 643 P.2d 1276 (1982); Maddox v. Clack. County Sch. Dist. No. 25, 293 Or. 27, 31, 643 P.2d 1253 (1982). This general rule has met a growing number of challenges with a variety of results.
In Nees v. Hocks, 272 Or. 210, 536 P.2d 512 (1975), we recognized an exception to the general rule that an employer can discharge an employe at will and allowed plaintiff a remedy in tort for wrongful discharge. In Nees, an employe was discharged for serving on jury duty. Stating that the jury system and jury duty are highly regarded societal obligations, as reflected in the Oregon constitutional and statutory provisions giving the right to jury trials, we concluded that an employer could not fire plaintiff for fulfilling her societal obligation and plaintiff could sue for wrongful discharge.
In Campbell v. Ford Industries, Inc., 274 Or. 243, 546 P.2d 141 (1976), plaintiff, a stockholder and employe, was fired in retaliation for exercising his statutory right to inspect corporate records. This court noted that the statute's primary purpose was to protect private and proprietary interests rather than public interests. 274 Or. at 250, 546 P.2d 141. Plaintiff was discharged for exercising a private statutory right not of great importance to society. We affirmed the trial court's holding that plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts to constitute a wrongful discharge cause of action.
In Walsh v. Consolidated Freightways, 278 Or. 347, 563 P.2d 1205 (1977), this court held that although the discharge of an employe for complaining about unsafe working conditions frustrated an important social interest in safe working conditions, the employe had an adequate administrative remedy, a complaint to the Department of Labor, and would not be accorded an additional tort remedy.
In Brown v. Transcon Lines, 284 Or. 597, 588 P.2d 1087 (1978), the plaintiff filed a workers' compensation claim and was discharged for so doing. ORS 659.410 makes discriminating against an employe who files a workers' compensation claim an unlawful employment practice. We held that the statute was legislative recognition of an important public policy and the employer's discharge frustrated that substantial public interest.
The preceding cases fall into three general categories:
Nees is an example of the first category of cases, where plaintiff was discharged for fulfilling a societal obligation. To discharge an employe for being called to jury duty thwarts not a private interest of the employe but an important public function. The oft-cited case of Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 174 Cal.App.2d 184, 344 P.2d 25 (1959), also comes within this category. In Petermann, plaintiff was fired for refusing to follow his employer's instructions to testify falsely under oath. To do so would have been perjury, a severe breach of a public duty. In both Nees and Petermann plaintiffs
The second category is demonstrated by Campbell and Brown. In both cases, plaintiffs pursued private statutory rights and were fired for their pursuit. In Brown, plaintiff was entitled to a wrongful discharge remedy and in Campbell, plaintiff was not. What is the difference? The statutory right pursued in Brown related directly to the plaintiff's role as an employee. He was fired for filing a worker's compensation claim. In Campbell, the statutory right pursued by plaintiff related to plaintiff, not in his role as an employee, but in his role as a stockholder. Furthermore, in Brown we noted that the statute was legislative recognition of an important public policy. The statute in Campbell did not reflect a public interest comparable to the community's interest in protecting injured workers. In this category, the common law rule for at-will employment prevails unless the employee is discharged while pursuing a right related to his role as an employee and the right is one of important public interest indicated by constitutional and statutory provisions and caselaw.
Walsh is an example of the third category, that is, where an adequate existing remedy protects the interests of society so that an additional remedy of wrongful discharge will not be accorded.
This case falls within the first category above. The plaintiff was fired for refusing to sign a false and arguably tortious statement. The contents of the statement cast aspersions on the work habits and moral behavior of White. Plaintiff refused to sign the statement because it was false. The words in the written report that White had caused dissension in the workplace because plaintiff refused to respond to her request are arguably defamatory under our caselaw. See, Walsh v. Consolidated Freightways, supra, 278 Or. at 355, 563 P.2d 1205; 3 Restatement Torts 139, § 558 (1938); Prosser, The Law of Torts § 111 (1971). Defendant required plaintiff knowingly to commit a potentially tortious act or lose his job.
The Oregon Constitution contains two provisions dealing with defamation:
Article I, section 10, states:
These two sections indicate that a member of society has an obligation not to defame others. As in Nees, plaintiff here was discharged for fulfilling a societal obligation. We hold that defendant is liable for wrongfully discharging plaintiff because plaintiff refused to sign the potentially defamatory statement.
The final issue in this case deals with the instructions to the jury on punitive damages and defense counsel's exception. The judge instructed the jury:
The defense attorney responded:
Counsel was probably referring to Wolf v. Nordstrom, 291 Or. 828, 835, 637 P.2d 1280 (1981),
The purpose of requiring exceptions to instructions is to inform the trial court that the instruction may be erroneous and to give the court an opportunity to make corrections. Brigham v. Southern Pacific Co., 237 Or. 120, 390 P.2d 669 (1964); Lilley v. Gifford Phillips, Inc., 210 Or. 278, 310 P.2d 337 (1957).
ORCP 59H. states:
The exception made in this case was not particularly stated. It was counsel's duty to specifically point out to the court that he was not excepting to the issue of punitive damages generally as in Green, but to the wording of the instructions as in Wolf. Defense counsel did not adequately preserve error.
Defendant's remaining assignments of error are without merit. The Court of Appeals is reversed.
CAMPBELL, Justice, dissenting.
I dissent. I would affirm the Court of Appeals. That court reached the right result for the correct reasons.
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