COMMUNITY TELE-COMMUNICATIONS v. HEATHER CORP.

ROVIRA, Justice.

We granted certiorari to review the decision of the court of appeals in Heather Corp. v. Community Tele-Communications, Inc., 642 P.2d 24 (Colo.App.1981), holding that a city of Cortez ordinance, which granted a cable television company a permit to use the streets and public ways to install a cable television system, was invalid because it granted a franchise without a vote of the electorate. We affirm.

I.

In September 1979, the city council of Cortez, a Colorado home rule city, enacted Ordinance No. 532, entitled "An Ordinance Granting a Permit to Community Telecommunications, Inc., Its Successors and Assigns, to Construct, Operate and Maintain a Cable Television System in the City of Cortez ...." Section 2 of the ordinance outlines the specific grant of authority to Community Tele-Communications (CTI):

In essence, this grant authorizes CTI to "use and occupy" the streets and other public ways in Cortez for the purpose of laying its coaxial cable and constructing and operating a cable television system.

Other sections of the ordinance explain the terms and conditions of CTI's "permit." Section 3 provides that the grant to CTI is not exclusive, that the city reserves the right to grant a similar use to any other person, and that the ordinance creates a permit and not a franchise in CTI. Section 4 provides that the term of the permit is for ten years and that, upon application by CTI, "the permit may be renewed for subsequent ten ... year periods" provided CTI faithfully performs all of the conditions of the permit. Section 15 provides that if CTI fails to perform, the city "may, after hearing, determine such substantial failure," at which point CTI has three months "to remedy the conditions" or the permit will be forfeited. Finally, section 22 provides that "it shall be unlawful for any person to construct, install or maintain" along the streets of Cortez "any equipment or facilities for distributing any television signals... through a CATV system, unless a permit authorizing such use ... has first been obtained" from the city.

After Ordinance 532 was passed, respondent Heather Corporation (Heather) filed a complaint1 against CTI and the city of Cortez pursuant to section 13-51-106, C.R. S.1973, the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Law. The complaint sought an order from the Montezuma County District Court declaring the ordinance to be unlawful and permanently enjoining the defendants from proceeding under it. Heather claimed that, instead of granting a true permit to CTI, Ordinance 532 actually granted a cable television "franchise." According to article X, section 1 of the Cortez City Charter, however, "[n]o franchise shall be granted except upon the vote of the taxpaying electors." Since Ordinance 532 was enacted by the city council rather than by popular vote, Heather argued that it violated the city charter and was void.

CTI and Cortez moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, see C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5), and Heather responded with a motion for summary judgment. See C.R.C.P. 56(a). The parties then requested the district court to decide the issues as if each party had filed a motion for summary judgment. In September 1980, the court entered a judgment declaring Ordinance No. 532 to be unlawful and in violation of article X, section 1 of the Cortez City Charter and article XX of the Colorado Constitution.2 As a basis for its decision, the court adopted the following conclusions of law:

The court concluded that "Ordinance 532 does not grant a temporary permit but is rather an attempt to evade the provisions of the Charter by calling the grant a permit when in reality it has all the earmarks of a franchise." (emphasis in original). It then enjoined CTI and Cortez from proceeding under the ordinance to establish a cable television system without the approval of the taxpaying electors of Cortez.

A divided panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the district court. Heather Corp., 642 P.2d 24 (Colo.App.1981) (Tursi, J., dissenting). The court determined that Ordinance 532 grants a special right or privilege which does not ordinarily belong to citizens in general and that the privilege is absolutely essential to the performance of CTI's purpose. It agreed with the district court that the privilege granted by the ordinance is in fact a franchise rather than a license or permit. As such, the ordinance amounts to "an unlawful avoidance of the public election requirement" of article X, section 1 of the city charter.3

II.

Although the majority opinion of the court of appeals did not address the issue of whether Heather has standing to bring an action against CTI and Cortez challenging the validity of Ordinance 532, we think it necessary to resolve this issue. Applying the test we established in Wimberly v. Ettenberg, 194 Colo. 163, 570 P.2d 535 (1977), we conclude that Heather has standing under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Law, section 13-51-101 et seq., C.R. S.1973. In view of our resolution of the standing issue as to Heather, we need not consider whether the other respondent, Wayne Gangwish,4 also has standing.

Heather claims that it was "formed for the express purpose of constructing a cable television system and providing cable television service to Cortez, Colorado, and surrounding areas." It claims that it has notified city officials of its desire to apply for a franchise to install and operate a cable television system, but that Cortez "has not offered Heather the opportunity to apply for a franchise." Instead, the city has adhered to its position that it can grant a permit to one or more cable television companies and thereby avoid a franchise election. Consequently, Heather argues,

This uncertainty, according to Heather, creates "a triple dilemma." Heather must either apply for a permit which it considers to be in violation of the charter, commit a criminal offense by proceeding to install and operate a cable television system without a permit, or discontinue the business it was organized to pursue. Under the circumstances, Heather maintains, the method chosen to resolve its dilemma, namely the filing of a declaratory judgment action, was appropriate. We agree.

Section 13-51-106 of the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Law describes who may obtain a declaratory judgment. It states: "Any person ... whose rights, status, or other legal relations are affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract, or franchise may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder."6 The purpose of this statute is to afford relief from the uncertainty surrounding legal rights and legal relations; it is remedial in nature and should be liberally construed and administered. Colorado State Board of Optometric Examiners v. Dixon, 165 Colo. 488, 440 P.2d 287 (1968); Silverstein v. Sisters of Charity, 38 Colo.App. 286, 559 P.2d 716 (1976); section 13-51-102, C.R.S.1973; C.R.C.P. 57(k).

We recognize that a declaratory judgment action must be based on an actual controversy. Beacom v. Board of County Commissioners, 657 P.2d 440 (Colo.1983); Farmers Elevator Co. v. First National Bank, 176 Colo. 168, 489 P.2d 318 (1971). To have standing, Heather must establish that its rights are adversely affected by Ordinance 532. This requirement does not mean, however, that Heather must risk the imposition of fines or imprisonment or the loss of property or profession in order to secure the adjudication of uncertain legal rights. See CF & I Steel Corp. v. Colorado Air Pollution Control Commission, 199 Colo. 270, 610 P.2d 85 (1980); Johnson v. District Court, 195 Colo. 169, 576 P.2d 167 (1978); Colorado State Bd. of Optometric Examiners v. Dixon, 165 Colo. 488, 440 P.2d 287 (1968).

In Dixon, several optometrists challenged the legality of a board regulation which had not yet been applied to them. We determined that the plaintiffs had standing, since, in our view, they should not be required to violate the challenged regulation in order to obtain a declaration of its validity or invalidity. Similarly, in Johnson, an oil-well servicing company challenged the legality of a local zoning regulation which required the company to obtain numerous permits. The plaintiff argued that it faced the choice of submitting to an "illegal" permit procedure or discontinuing its operations. We reaffirmed the Dixon principle and held that "the threat of an immediate and irreparable loss" to the company justified the issuance of a preliminary injunction to preserve the status quo pending final determination of the merits of the declaratory judgment action. We find the reasoning in Dixon and Johnson persuasive in this case.

Ultimately, though, the issue of Heather's standing must be analyzed under the two-pronged test adopted by this court in Wimberly v. Ettenberg, 194 Colo. 163, 570 P.2d 535 (1977). To resolve questions of standing, we must determine (1) whether the plaintiff has suffered injury in fact, and (2) whether the interest advanced by the plaintiff is legally protected by law. In the context of a declaratory judgment action, the first prong indicates whether the party has been "adversely affected"; the second prong establishes the existence of a right. Furthermore, "a decision on the merits is always inextricably tied to every case which involves the issue of standing. When standing is in issue, the broad question is whether the plaintiff has stated a claim for relief which should be entertained in the context of a trial on the merits." Id. at 168, 570 P.2d at 539.

Applying the Wimberly test to Heather's second amended complaint, we conclude that Heather has stated a claim for relief and that it was appropriate for the district court to consider Heather's claim on its merits. In our opinion, Heather has demonstrated that it is affected, or injured, by Ordinance 532. First, the complaint alleged that Ordinance 532 and the permit procedure incorporated in the ordinance are unlawful. In Heather's view, they reflect an attempt by the city council to accomplish the long-term installation of coaxial cable on the streets of Cortez by means other than the granting of a franchise. Second, by refusing Heather's request to participate in a franchise election, the city is practically forcing Heather to apply for a permit which it considers to be in violation of the city charter. Third, even if it applies for and is granted a permit, Heather would be exposing itself to economic risk if in the future some court determines that a franchise is required. These allegations suggest that Heather's reasonable participation in the cable television business is effectively precluded by Ordinance 532. Such preclusion, in our view, establishes injury in fact in this case. As we stated in CF & I Steel Corp., 199 Colo. at 279, 610 P.2d at 92 (quoting Wimberly, 194 Colo. at 167, 570 P.2d at 538): "[T]he proper inquiry to be made as to the injury in fact requirement is `whether the action complained of has caused or threatens to cause injury in fact' to the plaintiff." (emphasis added in CF & I Steel Corp.).

The second prong of the test asks whether Heather has an interest or right protected by law. CTI and Cortez argue that Heather's allegations of injury are simply complaints of economic injury due to lawful competition.7 We disagree. These allegations, which were admitted by the petitioners as true for the purpose of the cross-motions for summary judgment, raise serious issues as to what constitutes the proper operating authority for a cable television system in Cortez. By bringing a declaratory judgment action, Heather seeks to clarify its legal position in light of Ordinance 532 and the city's permit procedure. These matters significantly affect Heather's business operations as well as its interest in conducting those operations in a lawful manner.

Under the Colorado Corporation Code, section 7-1-101 et seq., C.R.S.1973 (1973 and 1983 Supp.), Heather has the right to "conduct its business, carry on its operations," and "have and exercise all powers necessary or convenient to effect any of the purposes for which the corporation is organized." Section 7-3-101(1)(j) and (s), C.R.S.1973. Clearly, a municipality may not unlawfully deny a corporation its right to do business. We conclude therefore that Heather has standing because it has established an injury to its legally protected interest of conducting business in a lawful manner. Its concerns about the actions of the Cortez City Council in the permit-franchise issue are well suited to resolution pursuant to section 13-51-106.

III.

The substantive issue in this case is whether Ordinance 532 grants a permit or a franchise to CTI. CTI argues that article X of the Cortez City Charter "establishes two alternative methods whereby an individual may be granted the right to use or occupy public streets and alleys.... Section 1 ... authorizes the grant of a franchise by vote of the taxpaying electorate, while ... Section 8 allows the Cortez City Council to grant permits."8 While we acknowledge the accuracy of this assertion, we also find it unresponsive to the question before us. If, as the district court concluded, Cortez has attempted to evade the public election requirement of section 1 by granting a franchise to CTI under the guise of granting it a permit, then Ordinance 532 is unlawful and must be struck down. Based on our analysis of what constitutes a franchise, and on that of other jurisdictions in the context of cable television, we conclude that Ordinance 532 grants a franchise to CTI without a vote of the taxpaying electors of Cortez.

A.

The earliest discussion of what constitutes a franchise appears in Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 519, 10 L.Ed. 274 (1839). In that case, the United States Supreme Court described a franchise as a "special privilege conferred by government upon individuals, and which do[es] not belong to the citizens of the country, generally, of common right." Id. (13 Pet.) at 595. We adopted the Earle definition in 1875, see Denver & Swansea Railway Co. v. Denver City Railway Co., 2 Colo. 673 (1875), but few cases applied that definition until after article XX, section 4 was added to the Colorado Constitution in 1902. Section 4 created the City and County of Denver and authorized its residents to enact a home-rule charter. The last paragraph of section 4 stated:

The purpose of this paragraph was to give the taxpaying electors of Denver absolute control over the granting of franchises.9 Ward v. Colorado Eastern Railroad Co., 22 Colo.App. 332, 125 P. 567 (1912), aff'd, 59 Colo. 589, 149 P. 1193 (1915).

In McPhee & McGinnity Co. v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 158 F. 5 (8th Cir.1907), the Eighth Circuit analyzed two provisions in the new Denver City Charter, one dealing with franchises and tracking the constitutional language of article XX, section 4, and the other dealing with revocable permits. It outlined the factors to be considered in determining whether the grant of a privilege is a franchise or only a permit:

"It is not, however, every privilege or permission granted by state or city to occupy or to use public rivers, highways, or streets that rises to the dignity of a franchise. A privilege granted by a city to a private party to occupy or use a portion of a public street temporarily ... is a license and not a franchise. The exact line of demarcation between franchises and licenses may not be clearly drawn, but their general characters and limits are so well known and so clearly established that it is not difficult to assign many rights granted to the class to which they belong.

Id. at 10.

This court followed the McPhee guidelines in Baker v. Denver Tramway Co., 72 Colo. 233, 210 P. 845 (1922). In that case, the Denver City Council passed an ordinance granting a permit for the construction of a street railway. The court decided that the ordinance was unlawful because it actually granted a franchise without a vote of the taxpaying electors. We stated:

Id. at 242-43, 210 P. at 849. See also Berman v. City and County of Denver, 120 Colo. 218, 209 P.2d 754 (1949) (license-permit to operate buses and trolleys along Denver streets was an "abortive attempt" by city council to grant a franchise without a vote of the taxpaying electors).

In recent years, although we have not addressed the permit-franchise issue in the context of cable television,10 we have indicated our continuing acceptance of the basic definition of "franchise" as "a special right or privilege granted by a government to an individual or corporation—such a right as does not ordinarily belong to citizens in general." City of Englewood v. Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., 163 Colo. 400, 405, 431 P.2d 40, 43 (1967). We have also upheld various permits or contracts which, in our opinion, did not "rise to the dignity of a franchise." See, e.g., Ginsberg v. City & County of Denver, 164 Colo. 572, 436 P.2d 685 (1968) (user agreement for stadium not a franchise); Finney v. Estes, 130 Colo. 115, 273 P.2d 638 (1954) (permit for city garbage collection not a franchise). We now conclude that Ordinance 532 created a franchise. By adopting Ordinance 532, the Cortez City Council granted CTI a special right or privilege to use the streets, alleys, and public places of Cortez for multiple ten-year periods. This right or privilege is essential to the performance of CTI's general business purpose. It does not belong to citizens in general and can only be conferred by the government. Under the circumstances, we are satisfied that Ordinance 532 grants a franchise, rather than a limited permit or license, to CTI.

B.

Other jurisdictions have confronted the permit-franchise issue in the context of cable television. Almost without exception, these courts have held that cable television is a proper subject for the granting of a franchise. The most persuasive authority comes from the North Carolina Supreme Court, which decided in 1967 that city charter provisions governing franchise elections must be followed before cable television systems can be constructed. In Shaw v. City of Asheville, 269 N.C. 90, 152 S.E.2d 139 (1967), the Asheville City Council entered into a "Lease-License Agreement" for the installation, construction, maintenance, and operation of a cable television system. The North Carolina Supreme Court decided that the agreement awarded a franchise without the required vote of the taxpaying electors. "The fact that this agreement is denominated by the parties a `Lease-License Agreement' is not controlling," the court explained. "Its nature, not its title, determines the power of the city to enter into it." Id. at 97, 152 S.E.2d at 144. Because the right granted was not a right possessed by the general citizenry, the court held that the agreement undertook to grant a franchise. "It follows," the court concluded, "that the agreement ... has not been adopted by the procedures which are prescribed by the city charter as conditions precedent to its validity. The agreement is, therefore, beyond the authority of the city and is void." Id. at 100, 152 S.E.2d at 146.

In Kornegay v. City of Raleigh, 269 N.C. 155, 152 S.E.2d 186 (1967), the Raleigh City Council entered into a "license, special privilege and franchise" without the passage of an ordinance and without a vote of the taxpaying electors. Once again, the North Carolina Supreme Court was not persuaded that charter provisions governing franchise elections could be avoided by labelling the grant a "license":

Id. at 161-62, 152 S.E.2d at 190. See also City of Owensboro v. Top Vision Cable Co. of Kentucky, 487 S.W.2d 283 (Ky.App. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 948, 93 S.Ct. 1926, 36 L.Ed.2d 410 (1973) (the right to operate a city-wide cable television system is a proper subject for the granting of a franchise); People's Cable Corp. v. City of Rochester, 70 Misc.2d 763, 334 N.Y.S.2d 972 (1972) (decision concerning cable television is within franchise provisions of city charter; ordinance granting nonexclusive license is invalid); Borough of Scottdale v. National Cable Television Corp., 28 Pa.Commw. 387, 393 n. 2, 368 A.2d 1323, 1327 n. 2 (1977) (grant of right to use public ways to construct cable television system is a franchise); Aberdeen Cable TV Service, Inc. v. City of Aberdeen, 85 S.D. 57, 176 N.W.2d 738 (1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 991, 91 S.Ct. 455, 27 L.Ed.2d 439 (1971) (ordinance granting right to construct a cable television system is clearly a franchise as it confers upon a private corporation a right or privilege which does not belong to the general citizenry); City of Tyler v. Television Cable Service, Inc., 493 S.W.2d 322 (Tex.Civ.App.1973) (ordinance granting permit to use streets, alleys, and public ways for cable television system was in fact a franchise).

Each of these cases supports our conclusion that Ordinance 532 grants a franchise to CTI.

C.

The Cortez City Council enacted Ordinance 532 without a vote of the taxpaying electors. Since the right to use the streets and public ways of the city to construct, operate, and maintain a cable television system is a proper subject for the granting of a franchise, this procedure was unlawful. We hold, therefore, that Ordinance 532 violates article XX, section 4 of the Colorado Constitution and article X, section 1 of the Cortez City Charter.

The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.

DUBOFSKY, J., dissents.

DUBOFSKY, Justice, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent. Because I believe that the framers of Article X, § 1 of the Cortez City Charter and of Article XX, § 4 of the Colorado Constitution could not have intended to require a vote by the electorate before granting a cable television company the right to use the public streets, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. While such grants may be labeled franchises, I believe the vote requirement was intended only to apply to grants of franchises to public utilities.

Recently the United States Supreme Court, upon considering the application of the Copyright Act to home videotaping of copyrighted programs, stated: "In a case like this ... we must be circumspect in construing the scope of rights created by a legislative enactment which never contemplated such a calculus of interests." Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 104 S.Ct. 774, 783, 78 L.Ed.2d 574 (1984). This is sound advice which should be applied in the resolution of this appeal, especially where the imposition of a voting requirement in this situation would serve little public purpose.

When construing a constitutional provision a court should give effect to the intent of the adopters at the time the amendment was adopted. In re Interrogatories Propounded by Senate Concerning House Bill 1078, 189 Colo. 1, 536 P.2d 308 (1975); Board of Education v. Spurlin, 141 Colo. 508, 349 P.2d 357 (1960). Article X, § 1 of the Cortez City Charter ("No franchise shall be granted except upon the vote of the taxpaying electors....")1 tracks the language of Article XX, § 4 of the Colorado Constitution, added November 4, 1902, which provides in part:

It is difficult to determine the intent of the adopters in 1902, but I believe that the above language was intended to apply only to grants of street franchises to public utilities, and that cable television is not a public utility.

To determine intent, a court should first examine the words used in the constitution and determine their natural and popular meaning. A-B Cattle Co. v. United States, 196 Colo. 539, 589 P.2d 57 (1978); Prior v. Noland, 68 Colo. 263, 188 P. 729 (1920). The word "franchise" has various meanings, both in a legal and popular sense. 12 E. McQuillin, Municipal Corporations § 34.04 (3rd ed. 1970). The majority defines "franchise" as "a special right or privilege granted by a government to an individual or corporation—such a right as does not ordinarily belong to citizens in general." While I do not disagree with this as a general definition, I find it of little use in the present controversy. Governments grant many rights and privileges that do not ordinarily belong to citizens in general. Attorneys are given the right to practice law, and physicians are given the right to practice medicine. Local governments approve the construction of buildings and allow newspapers to be sold from stands on public sidewalks. Clearly, Cortez is not required to submit every such grant to its citizens for approval.

Article XX provides no insight into the meaning intended for the word "franchise," and therefore, it is necessary to look elsewhere for a definition. In its strictest sense, a franchise is the right granted by the state to individuals to act as a corporation. 12 E. McQuillin, supra, at § 34.04. Section 4, however, pertains only to the granting of franchises relating to any street, alley or public place—commonly called street franchises. To determine what was intended by the adopters in 1902, it is useful to examine the usage of the term "franchise" made by contemporaries of the adopters.

In 1911, John Forest Dillon published the fifth edition of his treatise on municipal corporations. Included in his work was a chapter entitled "Street Franchises." He introduces the chapter by defining "franchises to use the public streets and highways" as "rights in public streets which are granted in furtherance of public purposes." J. Dillon, Law of Municipal Corporations § 1210 (5th ed. 1911). "The essential element of a franchise is that it should be a privilege, right, or power which the individual cannot exercise as of right, and which depends for its lawful existence upon a grant from the government, and ... a grant from the State is the foundation of every privilege or right to an individual or corporation to use the city streets for public or quasi-public purposes for individual profit." Id. Dillon proceeds to define corporations for public or quasi-public purposes as public utilities. He summarizes:

Id. (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted). At one point, Dillon refers to the relevant portion of Article XX, § 4 of the Colorado Constitution in a footnote following this sentence:

Id. at § 1223.

The notion that a street franchise relates to public utilities is contained in more recent literature. In McQuillin's work on municipal corporations one chapter is entitled: "The Franchise of Persons Using the Streets, and Its Incidents." It is introduced with these paragraphs:

The law relating to the use of streets in the manner and for the purposes mentioned is of great practical importance because of the immense sums invested in public service companies and the intimate connection between the welfare of the inhabitants of the municipality and the enactment of wise statutes and ordinances granting franchises to public service companies to use the streets for water pipes, gas pipes, conduits for wires, telegraph and telephone poles, electric light poles, streetcar poles, the tracks of commercial railroads and of street railroads, and also the control and regulation of such companies after they have once entered upon the use of the streets by virtue of a franchise.

12 E. McQuillin, supra at § 34.01. The discussion found in these treatises convinces me that when the term "franchise" as it relates to public streets was used by the framers of Article XX, § 4 of the Colorado Constitution it was meant to apply only to franchises granted to public utilities.

In addition, the cases cited in the majority opinion support this conclusion.2 Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 519, 10 L.Ed. 274 (1839) did not discuss street franchises. It applied the traditional concept of a franchise, the right to exist as a corporation. In Ward v. Colorado Eastern Railroad Co., 22 Colo.App. 322, 125 P. 567 (1912), summarily aff'd, 59 Colo. 589, 149 P. 1193 (1915), the court of appeals held that the purpose of the relevant portion of Article XX, § 4 was to give absolute control over the granting of franchises to the taxpaying electors. In Berman v. City and County of Denver, 120 Colo. 218, 209 P.2d 754 (1949), this court characterized Ward as holding "that after the effective date of said article XX, the power to regulate utilities and their rates was transferred from the city council to the qualified taxpaying electors of the new municipality." 209 P.2d at 760.

The case closest in time to the amendment is McPhee & McGinnity Co. v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 158 F. 5 (8th Cir. 1907). McPhee recognized that the adopters of the amendment could not have intended that all privileges to use public streets be voted on by the electorate, and held that permission granted to a commercial railroad to lay and operate a railroad across or for a short distance upon a public street is not a franchise, but a license or permit. The court cited factors for determining whether or not a privilege granted is a permit or a franchise. "A privilege granted ... temporarily for the construction of a building upon an abutting lot, for a cab stand, an apple stand, or for any similar commercial purpose is a license and not a franchise." Id. at 10. The McPhee court also asserted that a right or privilege "not essential to the general function or purpose of the grantee ... is a license and not a franchise." Id. The court held that the right to lay railroad lines was not essential to Union Pacific's general purpose because it could operate its business without using the particular street under the general authorization granted it by the state.

It is instructive to note that a cable television company may conduct its business without the grant of a franchise or a permit.3 Technology permits cable television to plug into telephone lines and transmit its signals over existing wires, thus avoiding the need for a franchise or a permit. See City of New York v. Comtel, Inc., 57 Misc.2d 585, 293 N.Y.S.2d 599 (1968); Re the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company, 73 P.U.R.3d 161 (Colo.P.U.C.1968). This is not commonly done because it is often less costly to string wires than to pay for the use of telephone lines.

The court in McPhee concluded that the evil at which this constitutional provision was directed was the power to grant "the general privilege commonly called a `franchise,' frequently granted by cities to street railway companies, water, gas, electric light, telephone and other public utility corporations ... without the approving vote of the electors ... because there was more danger of a disregard of the public interests [from grants of these franchises]." 158 F. at 12. In Finney v. Estes, 130 Colo. 115, 273 P.2d 638 (1954), this court reiterated the conclusion in McPhee:

273 P.2d at 640.

These cases establish that the term "franchise" was intended to apply to public utilities. They also point out the logic behind Article XX, § 4: the people knew that public utilities have monopoly powers and that a way to protect themselves against these monopolies was to control their use of the streets. McQuillin writes: "The monopoly idea is the basis of nearly all the law relating to franchises and public service companies." 12 E. McQuillin, supra, at § 34.01. This is the only logical rationale behind the vote requirement.

Once it has been established that "franchise" applies under our constitution only to public utilities, the next question is whether cable television is a public utility. I agree with those decisions holding that it is not. See Greater Fremont, Inc. v. City of Fremont, 302 F.Supp. 652 (N.D.Ohio 1968); Re the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., supra; White v. City of Ann Arbor, 406 Mich. 554, 281 N.W.2d 283 (1979); City of Issaquah v. Teleprompter Corp., 93 Wn.2d 567, 611 P.2d 741 (1980); Annot., 61 A.L.R.3d 1150 (1975). Cable television is a commercial enterprise; it is not an essential service the termination of which could threaten the public welfare. As this case demonstrates, there is significant competition among cable television companies. Monopolies will not occur unless cable television companies are treated as public utilities. Requiring a vote before granting each new cable television franchise would in effect only result in a grant of monopoly status.

I also comment briefly on some implications of the majority opinion. A city requiring a competition by election between various cable companies may be subjecting itself to antitrust sanctions. In Community Communications Co. v. City of Boulder, 455 U.S. 40, 102 S.Ct. 835, 70 L.Ed.2d 810 (1982), the United States Supreme Court held that Boulder's moratorium ordinance on the expansion of cable television was not exempt from antitrust scrutiny under the state immunity doctrine of Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 63 S.Ct. 307, 87 L.Ed. 315 (1943).

Furthermore, cable television is a broadcaster of original programming. Requiring an election, paid for by the cable company, before granting a franchise restricts the cable television company's right to speak. A basic first amendment rule is that a regulation on speech must be examined to see if the governmental interest can be served by means less restrictive of first amendment rights. See Heffron v. Int'l Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc., 452 U.S. 640, 101 S.Ct. 2559, 69 L.Ed.2d 298 (1981); NAACP v. Alabama, 377 U.S. 288, 84 S.Ct. 1302, 12 L.Ed.2d 325 (1963); Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479, 81 S.Ct. 247, 5 L.Ed.2d 231 (1960).

For these reasons I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.