WILLIAM G. CALLOW, J.
This is an appeal by the Natural Resources Board for the State of Wisconsin (Board) from a judgment of the Circuit Court for Dane County declaring that Wis. Adm. Code, sec. NR 25.08 (2) (a)5 (Register, September, 1976, No. 249), is illegal and invalid. The challenged rule, currently Wis. Adm. Code, sec. NR 25.08(2)(a)6, prohibits the use of gill nets of a particular size in Lake Michigan south of a line running due east from the red navigational buoy marking the entrance to Baileys Harbor. The action was commenced in the circuit court, pursuant to sec. 227.05 (1), Stats., by plaintiff-respondent Giles Peterson (Peterson), a commercal fisherman, seeking a declaratory judgment holding the challenged rule to be illegal. We conclude that the rule is valid and legal, and we reverse.
Wis. Adm. Code, sec. NR 25.08(2)(a)5, an administrative rule promulgated by the Board, took effect October 1, 1976 (Register, September, 1976, No. 249), and provides as follows:
"NR 25.08
"(2) LAKE MICHIGAN AND GREEN BAY. (a) Gill nets may be used under permit only.
". . . .
"5. Gill nets of mesh size exceeding 4½" stretch measure and less than 6½" stretch measure may be used only in the waters of Green Bay and of Lake Michigan north of a line running due east from the red navigational buoy marking the entrance of Baileys Harbor. Such gill nets shall not exceed 30 meshes in depth, except ½ can be 50 meshes deep on request only until July 1, 1978."
The Board denies that sec. NR 25.08(2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, prohibits fishing for whitefish south of the Baileys Harbor line because whitefish may be commercially fished and in fact are caught south of the line in pound nets, fyke nets, and other entrapment gear. The Board denies that the rule is an area restriction on plaintiff's license and claims the rule is a valid regulation of the type, size, and placement of fishing gear and net sizes. The Board justifies the gill net size restriction because it "reduces the risk of catching large percentages of lake trout, coho salmon, chinook salmon or other fish which at the present time are illegal except for sport fishing."
Peterson moved for a temporary injunction, and on December 9, 1976, a hearing was held on the motion. He testified that he was a commercial fisherman who fished primarily for whitefish. He stated that he caught whitefish with a gill net. Peterson admitted there are ways other than the use of the prohibited gill nets to commercially catch whitefish. These include use of entrapment gear — a net placed on stakes, and use of trap nets — nets secured by anchor which lead fish through tunnels until trapped. He also stated that fyke nets are used.
Peterson claimed that an effect of the rule is to prohibit fishing for whitefish south of the Baileys Harbor line because of the expense of the alternative equipment and weather limitations on its use. He testified that winter weather conditions prevent use of entrapment
Peterson testified he believed the Baileys Harbor line was drawn because of sport fishing pressure and that the rule was adopted to accommodate sport fishermen who fish for lake trout. He acknowledged that use of the 4½ to 6½ inch stretch mesh gill nets south of the Baileys Harbor line resulted in a "considerable amount of lake trout" being taken, "considerably more" than the 10 percent limitation on the percentage of illegal fish allowed. However, Peterson claimed that only 5 percent of the illegal fish caught would die if gill nets were properly tended.
Ronald Poff, employed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources as Staff Supervisor, Great Lakes and Boundary Waters, testified that Department of Natural Resources statistics indicated that 5 to 50 percent of the fish caught in gill nets are killed and that use of gill nets south of the Baileys Harbor line could conceivably result in less than 50 percent of the catch being whitefish. He explained that a fish is caught in a gill
Dennis Hickey, a commercial fisherman, testified that it was a common belief that gill nets were more destructive than entrapment gear, in the sense that they cause some fish to die whereas entrapment gear does not and that this could be a reason for the rule.
In a memorandum decision dated May 4, 1977, the trial court held that the rule clearly prohibited fishing on an area basis and that, therefore, the Board exceeded its statutory power in enacting sec. NR 25.08(2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code. Consequently, the rule was declared illegal and void. Judgment was entered accordingly.
A single issue is presented: Did the Board exceed its statutory authority by promulgating sec. NR.25.08(2) (a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, which regulates net size and applies to a limited area of Lake Michigan if a practical effect of such regulation is to prohibit the commercial fishing for a specified species of fish on an area basis?
It is the general rule that an administrative agency has only those powers which are expressly conferred or which are fairly implied from the statutes under which it operates. State (Dept. of Admin.) v. ILHR Dept., 77 Wis.2d 126, 136, 252 N.W.2d 353 (1977); Racine Fire and Police Comm. v. Stanfield, 70 Wis.2d 395, 399, 234 N.W.2d 307
Sec. 15.34, Stats., authorizes the Board to direct and supervise the Department of Natural Resources. In promulgating NR 25.08(2) (a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, the Board relies on the statutory authorization in secs. 23.09 (1) and (2), 29.085, and 29.174, which provide in pertinent part:
". . .
". . .
Sec. 29.01(4), Stats., includes Lake Michigan in its classification of "`outlying waters.'" Sec. 23.09 (1) and (2) state that the Department may make such rules as it deems necessary for the protection, development, and use of fish. Sec. 29.085 provides that the Department may regulate fishing on Lake Michigan and that its actions in so doing shall be valid, "all other provisions of the statutes notwithstanding" if the Department's action is taken pursuant to and in accordance with secs. 23.09(2) and 29.174. Sec. 29.174 requires the Department to establish the conditions governing the taking of fish as are necessary to conserve the supply of fish and insure Wisconsin citizens continued opportunities for good fishing. Sec. 29.174(3) allows the Department to exercise this authority
That secs. 23.09, 29.085, and 29.174, Stats., authorize net size limitations, such as those set forth in NR 25.08 (2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, is not contested by Peterson. However, Peterson argues that the rule must be found invalid because an effect of the rule is to prohibit the fishing for whitefish in Lake Michigan on an area basis. Relying on sec. 29.33, Stats. 1975
Sec. 29.33, Stats. 1975, provides the Department with specific authority to limit the number of commercial fishing licenses and to designate the areas where commercial fishing operations may be conducted in Lake Superior. Peterson argues that, because Lake Superior is specifically mentioned, the Department is not authorized to regulate fishing in Lake Michigan on an area basis. Asserting that the Department cannot do so indirectly what it cannot do directly, Peterson contends the
We conclude this argument is without merit.
Sec. 29.33, Stats. 1975, does not preempt the grants of rule-making authority contained in secs. 23.09, 29.085, and 29.174. As a rule adopted under sec. 29.085, and pursuant to and in accordance with secs. 23.09(2) and 29.174, NR 25.08(2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, is "valid, all other provisions of the statutes notwithstanding." (Emphasis added.) Sec. 29.085. Even if sec. 29.33 contains a grant of authority more specific than the general grants contained in sec. 23.09, 29.085, and 29.174, the grant contained in sec. 29.33 is not controlling and is not exclusive.
"[T]he rule that the more specific governs the more general is a rule of construction which is not applied automatically but is only resorted to when the legislative intent is not otherwise clear from a reading of the two provisions in question." State v. Dairyland Power Co-operative, 52 Wis.2d 45, 53, 187 N.W.2d 878 (1971). Secs. 23.09, 29.085, and 29.174, Stats., authorize the Department to adopt rules regulating the taking of fish. Sec. 29.174(2) (a) authorizes the department to establish "open and closed seasons, . . . size limits, . . . and other conditions governing the taking of fish" and specifically provides that this "authority may be exercised . . . for any lake or stream or part thereof." Sec. 29.33,
We now consider the question of whether NR 25.08 (2) (a) 5, Wis. Adm. Code, an otherwise valid rule, is invalid because it has the effect of restricting the area where commercial fishing licenses may be used in Lake Michigan, a result which the Department's power to accomplish directly, Peterson argues, is impliedly denied by sec. 29.33, Stats. 1975.
Here the trial court found that "[t]he effect of the challenged rule is clearly to prohibit fishing on an area basis." The trial court also found that "the only purpose and objective of the regulation is to prohibit the fishing for whitefish south of the line." The trial court's finding that NR 25.08(2) (a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, has the effect
Our conclusion would not differ if we accepted the trial court's finding because this "fact" is immaterial. "It is of no legal consequence to say that the plan is a subterfuge. . . . That may be admitted without answering the question thus presented one way or the other." Loomis v. Callahan, 196 Wis. 518, 524, 220 N.W. 816 (1928). On review of acts "which are legislative in their character," "`[judicial] inquiry is limited to the question of power, and does not extend to the matter of expediency, the motive of the legislators, or the reasons which are spread before them to induce the passage of the act.'" Tilly v. Mitchell & Lewis Co., 121 Wis. 1, 10, 98 N.W. 969 (1904), quoting Angle v. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Ry. Co., 151 U.S. 1, 18 (1894) (Emphasis in Tilly). Because the promulgation of NR 25.08 (2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, involved the exercise of legislative power and was an act legislative in character, the only relevant question is whether the Board is empowered by secs. 23.09, 29.085, and 29.174, Stats., to adopt a rule which protects certain types of fish by regulating the types of fishing gear which may be used in a specified area of Lake Michigan. As we have indicated, the Board is so empowered.
We conclude it was error for the trial court to invalidate the rule because it had a concurrent effect of substantially reducing the commercial whitefish fishery in the specified area and because of the trial court's determination of the Board's motives. Additionally, as we have indicated above, it was error for the trial court to conclude that NR 25.08(2)(a)5, Wis. Adm. Code, is void because its promulgation exceeds the authority granted
By the Court. — Judgment reversed and cause remanded for entry of a judgment consistent with this opinion.
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