ORDER
MacLAUGHLIN, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on the defendants' renewed motions to dismiss
The remaining defendants, with the exception of MacKay & Fuller, have moved to dismiss on the ground that if the United States is dismissed from this action, then dismissal is appropriate as to all defendants as incomplete diversity is present and there is no longer any independent basis for federal jurisdiction which justifies the application of pendent party jurisdiction principles. The Court has determined that the motion to dismiss made by the United States should be granted, that no independent basis of federal jurisdiction is present which would justify the exercise of pendent party jurisdiction over the remaining defendants and that, therefore, the action should be dismissed in its entirety.
Richard Gelley, plaintiff's decedent, died in 1973, allegedly as a result of an adverse reaction to lidocaine hydrochloride (trade name xylocaine), a local anesthetic drug manufactured by defendant Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc. [hereinafter Astra]. The xylocaine was administered to plaintiff's decedent by Dr. Jerry K. Brunsoman, who was associated with defendant MacKay & Fuller D.D.S. Professional Association. The United States Food and Drug Administration [hereinafter FDA], an agency of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, had previously found xylocaine "safe for use" and approved the introduction of the drug into interstate commerce.
This wrongful death action was instituted by plaintiff Carol Gelley, as trustee for the heirs of Richard Gelley, in this Court in 1974. The plaintiff's complaint alleges that FDA personnel, as well as the other defendants, were negligent, that some defendants are liable on a strict liability theory, and that defendant Astra is independently liable because it violated the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 301, et seq. Plaintiff has filed a "protective" action in the Ramsey County District Court against the same parties, except for the United States.
The United States' Motion to Dismiss
The plaintiff correctly concedes that any allegation that the government may be
The Federal Tort Claims Act provides that the government shall be liable for death caused by the negligence of government employees "under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred." 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). This particular language is the basis for the government's argument that no tort duty was owed by FDA personnel to plaintiff's decedent to withdraw the prior approval of xylocaine or enforce the provisions of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act or FDA regulations regarding labeling changes, reporting requirements or the maintenance of records with respect to xylocaine. As the law of the place where the act or omission occurred is the focal point with respect to whether liability may be imposed under the Act, the law of the District of Columbia
The duties of FDA personnel are federally imposed, stemming either from the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act or from regulations enacted by the FDA. However, as the Federal Tort Claims Act makes explicit, the law of the place where the act or omission occurred which gives rise to the claim is the foundation upon which federal governmental liability is predicated. Thus, if the law of the place where the act or omission occurred would not impose liability upon a private individual under similar circumstances, then the government cannot be held legally responsible for the acts of its negligent employees. The law of the District of Columbia does not impose a tort duty on private persons to perform activities required by the FDA regulatory scheme. Regulatory activity engaged in by FDA personnel simply has no counterpart in private activity and thus cannot give rise to liability under the common law of the District of Columbia or elsewhere. Therefore, as the law of the place where the act or omission occurred would not impose a duty upon a private person under these circumstances, FDA personnel similarly owed no actionable tort duty to the plaintiff's
Assuming, however, that FDA personnel owed a duty to plaintiff's decedent so as to make the United States potentially liable for FDA negligence, the Court has also determined that the "discretionary function" exception applies here so as to render the government immune from tort liability. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). The Supreme Court has stated that where "policy judgment and decision" are involved, discretion for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) is present. Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15, 36, 73 S.Ct. 956, 97 L.Ed. 1427 (1953). Plaintiff has argued that FDA personnel negligently allowed xylocaine to remain on the market in a misbranded and adulterated condition. As the gravamen of this allegation is that the FDA failed to withdraw its approval of xylocaine pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 355(e), it seems clear that discretionary policy judgments are implicated. Thus, to the extent that plaintiff claims the FDA was negligent in approving or failing to withdraw its approval of xylocaine, the activity of the FDA was clearly the type of policy judgment contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). First National Bank in Albuquerque v. United States, 552 F.2d 370 (10th Cir. 1977); Gray v. United States, 445 F.Supp. 337 (S.D.Tex.1978). Moreover, as the collection and reporting of information concerning xylocaine and the enforcement of such regulations are integral components of the approval or withdrawal decisions, this activity must be considered discretionary as well, for otherwise the intent of Congress in carefully enacting 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) would be undermined. See First National Bank in Albuquerque v. United States, 552 F.2d 370, 377 (10th Cir. 1977). See also Gercey v. United States, 540 F.2d 536 (1st Cir. 1977) (formulation of enforcement policy is discretionary).
As the FDA owed no actionable tort duty to plaintiff's decedent and as the conduct of the FDA involves discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a), the United States' motion to dismiss is granted.
Other Defendants' Motions to Dismiss
As the remaining defendants are not diverse, the central issue is whether any independent basis of federal jurisdiction exists against any of the parties which would justify the assertion of pendent party jurisdiction principles to the remaining defendants. Aldinger v. Howard, 427 U.S. 1, 96 S.Ct. 2413, 49 L.Ed.2d 276 (1976). The plaintiff has claimed that defendant Astra has repeatedly violated the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and that this statute implies a private cause of action to a person injured as a result of the violation. Therefore, plaintiff reasons, as federal question jurisdiction exists against defendant Astra because of this implied private cause of action, the remaining defendants constitute pendent parties. Schulman v. Huck Finn, Inc., 472 F.2d 864 (8th Cir. 1973).
The courts have uniformly rejected the argument that violations of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act provide a civil remedy to a private individual injured as a result of the violation(s). Pacific Trading Company v. Wilson & Co., Inc., 547 F.2d 367 (7th Cir. 1976); American Home Products Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 436 F.Supp. 785 (S.D.N.Y.1977); State of Florida ex rel. Broward County v. Eli Lilly & Co., 329 F.Supp. 364 (S.D.Fla.1971); Cross v. Board of Supervisors of San Mateo County, 326 F.Supp. 634
As there exists no private cause of action for a violation of the Act, there is no federal question jurisdiction and therefore no independent basis of federal jurisdiction is present against any party which might justify the application of pendent party jurisdiction over the other defendants. As the parties are not diverse, it necessarily follows that this action must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Therefore, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the motions to dismiss made by the United States, Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Ted Hanson Dental Supplies, Inc., and Jerry K. Brunsoman are granted and this action is dismissed in its entirety.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY for defendants United States of America, Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Ted Hanson Dental Supplies, Inc., Jerry K. Brunsoman, and MacKay & Fuller D.D.S. Professional Association.
FootNotes
28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) and (h).
Plaintiff argues that the law of Minnesota would ultimately apply to this issue because the application of conflict of laws principles of the state or district where the acts or omissions of the FDA occurred would require the application of the law of the place of injury, Minnesota. Even if this Court were to apply Minnesota law to this issue, the ultimate result reached by the Court would not change. This logically follows because the law of Minnesota would not impose liability upon a private person under these circumstances, as the duties imposed on FDA personnel by federal law have no "counterparts cognizable" under the law of Minnesota. Davis v. United States, 536 F.2d 758, 759 (8th Cir. 1976).
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