PALMIERI, District Judge:
In 1976 three natural-gas-powered engines used for irrigation purposes on farms owned and operated by appellant Neely became inoperable due to damage caused by contaminated lubricating oil. The oil used in these engines was purchased exclusively from appellee Standard Oil Company of California (Standard Oil). At the time an insurance policy issued to Neely by appellee St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company (St. Paul) provided coverage for damage to the engines caused by vandalism. Both appellees are foreign corporations lawfully doing business in Arizona.
Neely brought suit in the Arizona Superior Court against Standard Oil and St. Paul, seeking to recover his direct and consequential damages. His theory was that either the contaminant was in the oil at the time of purchase, in which case Standard Oil would be liable, whether on the ground of strict liability, negligence, or warranty, or the contaminant was placed in the oil by a vandal, in which case St. Paul would be liable under the terms of the insurance policy. The suit was subsequently removed to the United States District Court for the District of Arizona pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) on the petition of both defendants, that court having jurisdiction because of the diversity of citizenship of the parties under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Answers were filed and interrogatories were served on plaintiff by St. Paul, which were answered following a motion to compel. Motions for summary judgment were filed by defendants, to which plaintiff responded. Following a brief hearing, the district court granted the motions and accordingly dismissed the complaint. This appeal was taken to review that judgment. Our jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
I.
Summary judgment is proper where "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The moving party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of such a genuine issue, and for this purpose the material it lodges, and inferences therefrom, must be viewed in the light most favorable to the opposing party. Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962). If the movant
Where it is clear from the evidence presented at the hearing on a motion for summary judgment that the movant would be entitled to a directed verdict were the case to proceed to trial, the motion may properly be granted, unless the opposing party is able to offer adequate reasons why he is presently unable to present facts justifying his opposition. Doff v. Brunswick Corp., 372 F.2d 801, 805 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 820, 88 S.Ct. 39, 19 L.Ed.2d 71 (1967). An opposing party's mere hope that further evidence may develop prior to trial is an insufficient basis upon which to justify denial of the motion. While summary judgment is improper where sufficient evidence supporting a claimed factual dispute is adduced, so as to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial, this evidence must be "significantly probative" of the disputed fact. First National Bank of Arizona v. Cities Service Co., Inc., 391 U.S. 253, 288-90, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968); Mutual Fund Investors v. Putnam Management Co., 553 F.2d 620, 624 (9th Cir. 1977).
II.
The following materials were before the district court at the time of the hearing on the motions for summary judgment: Neely's answers to the interrogatories served by St. Paul; affidavits of Travis Sharp and William Perry, attached to Standard Oil's motion; and an affidavit of Neely, submitted as part of his responsive papers.
Neely asserted in his affidavit that "based upon his own personal knowledge and from discussions with his farm foreman, . . . neither he nor his employees committed any acts causing the contaminant to be placed in the engines." Neely's answers to interrogatories disclosed no further facts indicative of the cause of the contamination nor any anticipated evidence, testimonial or otherwise, which would be presented at trial on this issue. Neely did not seek any additional discovery, nor did he claim that he could not "present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition" to summary judgment, upon which the court might have ordered "a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had" under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f).
Standard Oil and St. Paul, conceding for the purpose of their motions that Neely's engines were in fact damaged by a contaminant in the lubricating oil and that neither
III.
In defining the primary rights and obligations of parties in a diversity suit arising from state law, including the elements of a plaintiff's cause of action, we are, of course, obligated to apply the substantive law of the state, here, that of Arizona. Erie R. R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938). But in determining whether certain evidence on a particular issue is sufficient to raise a question for the jury we, as do a number of our sister circuits,
Under the test most generally applied in the federal courts, certain evidence is insufficient to withstand a motion for directed verdict when "without weighing the credibility of witnesses there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict." Brady v. Southern Ry. Co., 320 U.S. 476, 479-80, 64 S.Ct. 232, 234, 88 L.Ed. 239 (1943); Crocker-Citizens National Bank v. Control Metals Corp., 566 F.2d 631, 635 (9th Cir. 1977); Cullinan v. Burlington Northern, Inc., 522 F.2d 1034, 1036 (9th Cir. 1975). Stated another way, the question is whether "the evidence in its entirety would rationally support a verdict for the plaintiff, assuming the jury took a view of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff." Runnings v. Ford Motor Co., 461 F.2d 1145, 1147 (9th Cir. 1972). And while we have noted that a case may not be taken from the jury where contradictory inferences may be drawn from undisputed evidentiary facts, Cockrum v. Whitney, 479 F.2d 84, 86 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Lange, 466 F.2d 1021, 1026 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Perry, 431 F.2d 1020, 1022 (9th Cir. 1970), these inferences must have a sufficient evidentiary basis. As was said in Wolf v. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., 304 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1962):
Our careful review of the case in light of these principles leads us to conclude that the meager evidence presented by the plaintiff here would not "rationally support" a verdict in his favor. In order to draw one of the two inferences necessary to a finding of liability against either of the defendants, a jury would inevitably have to rely in large part upon surmise and speculation. Even assuming, as we must, that the jury would be satisfied of the credibility of plaintiff and his witnesses and would conclude that the damage was not attributable to any acts on his or his employees' part, the evidence simply fails to provide enough information from which a fair-minded juror could logically infer that one explanation of the cause of the contamination is more likely true than another. Parties are entitled to have the determination of their rights rest on more than speculation and guesswork. Here, the connection between the proffered evidence and the conclusions urged is too tenuous to permit a jury to make it. Appellant Neely has not brought to our attention any special presumptions from which he might be entitled to benefit at trial, nor can we discern any. The district court was correct in granting defendants' motions, and its judgment is accordingly AFFIRMED.
FootNotes
Prosser, in his treatise on torts, makes a related observation: "[T]he logical rule usually is applied, that the plaintiff does not make out a preponderant case against either of two defendants by showing merely that he has been injured by the negligence of one or the other." W. Prosser, Torts 221 (4th ed. 1971).
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