RYAN v. WAYNE COUNTY BD. OF CANVASSERS

LEVIN, J.

George T. Ryan was a candidate for the office of Judge of Recorder's Court for the City of Detroit in the November, 1972 election. Seven persons were to be elected. The original vote and recount vote for the persons who finished in the fifth through eighth positions were:

                 Original Vote  Recount Vote

Susan Borman       110,753        110,701
James Del Rio      110,586        110,495
Clarence Laster    110,520        110,427
George T. Ryan     110,237        110,289

Ryan asked for a recount of 192 of the 1185 election precincts — 106 voting machine precincts, 86 absentee voter precincts. The Wayne County Board of Canvassers refused to recount 16 absentee voter precincts. The circuit court sustained the ruling of the board because neither the ballot bag nor the ballot box was sealed with a seal of record. The Court of Appeals reversed, declaring:

"While the statute does clearly require that the ballot boxes be sealed with the seal of record, the statute requires only that the ballot bags be `secured and sealed so that no ballots may be removed or inserted'. Therefore the absence of the recordation of the bag seal numbers does not in and of itself render a bag improperly sealed within the provisions of the statute."1

We reverse the Court of Appeals and order dismissal of the complaint. A seal which is not of record provides no assurance that ballots have not been removed from or inserted in a ballot bag.2

I

Section 871(1) of the Michigan Election Law limits the recountability of ballots to situations where there is sufficient assurance that the vote has not been altered between the original count and the recount. If either (i) the ballot bag is "secured and sealed so that no ballots may be removed or inserted" and the number of ballots in the bag "correspond in number with the poll list" or (ii) the ballot box is "securely sealed with the seal of record", the ballots are recountable. If neither (i) nor (ii) obtains, "the ballots may not be recounted and the original count of such ballots as reported by the board of inspectors shall stand as the correct count".3

We agree with the Court of Appeals that the phrase "may not be recounted" means shall not be recounted.4

Noncompliance with statutory requirements concerning recounts precludes a recount. "The proceedings for a recount are purely statutory, and the statutory requirements must be observed." Wheeler v Coleman, 176 Mich. 285, 288; 142 NW 570 (1913). "The evident purpose of the precautions prescribed in the statute is to preserve the integrity of the ballots, so that, if necessary to resort to a recount thereof, it may be done with the assurance of having the ballots present the identical verity they bore when cast." Smith v Board of Canvassers of Saginaw County, 220 Mich. 318, 320; 189 NW 856 (1922).

Here neither the ballot box nor the ballot bag was sealed with a seal of record. While § 871(1) does not in terms require that a ballot bag be secured and sealed with a metal seal or that the seal number be recorded, it does require that ballot bags be "secured and sealed so that no ballots may be removed or inserted". These ballot bags were sealed with a metal seal, the number of which was not recorded in the poll book. Such a seal does not preclude the removal or insertion of ballots or tampering with ballots, e.g., adding a vote.5 A large number of seals are distributed at election time. It is not required that seal numbers be recorded until used.6 A person intent on fraud who had access to metal seals could cut a seal attached by election officials and replace it with another seal after he had changed the vote. Indeed, a seal not of record provides no evidence that a seal was ever used — the only seal may have been attached by a dishonest person after he tampered with the ballots.

It is not suggested that these ballot bags were by some adequate means — other than the use of a metal seal not of record — "secured and sealed so that no ballots may be removed or inserted".

Since at least 1968, shortly after the 1965 enactment of § 871(1) in its present form, the Board of State Canvassers and Elections Bureau has determined recountability of a precinct by ascertaining first whether the ballot box or the ballot bag is sealed with a seal of record, i.e., a "standard metal `one-time' seal which is destroyed upon opening after fastening, issued by the Secretary of State, the number of which was recorded in the poll book".7 If both box and bag are so sealed, the precinct is recountable; if neither is so sealed, it is not; and if only one is so sealed, it is recountable if the number of ballots agrees with the number of voters shown by the poll book.8 This construction of § 871(1) is in accord with the language of the section and implements the legislative purpose of permitting recounts where there is assurance that the ballots have not been altered after the original count.

We appreciate, as urged by Ryan, that this construction enables election workers to preclude a recount by designedly omitting to comply with preconditions to a recount. The Legislature has evidently decided, however, that the need to guard against alteration of the vote between the original count and a recount outweighs the risk that the original count was erroneous and a recount will be circumvented by election workers. "[M]andatory provisions must be given full effect even though it results in disfranchisement of voters or prevention of recount." Groesbeck v Board of State Canvassers, 251 Mich. 286, 291; 232 NW 387 (1930).

The Court of Appeals is reversed and the complaint is dismissed.

KAVANAGH, C.J., and WILLIAMS, COLEMAN, and FITZGERALD, JJ., concurred with LEVIN, J.

LINDEMER and RYAN, JJ., took no part in the decision of this case.