SCOTT v. GUBLER

DONALDSON, Chief Justice.

This action involves a dispute over title to a triangular parcel of land along the boundary between two contiguous lots. The lots in question are Government Lots 3 and 4, Section 14, Township 9 South, Range 16 E.B.M., Jerome County, Idaho. Lot 3, owned by defendant-appellant Hazel Gubler, adjoins Lot 4 on the north. Lot 4 is owned by Ethel I. Scott, the plaintiff-respondent. The section line fence between Sections 14 and 15 runs along the western boundaries of both Lot 3 and Lot 4.

Mrs. Scott and her husband (now deceased) bought Lot 4 in 1956. Before buying the land, Mr. and Mrs. Scott commissioned a survey of the boundary between Lots 3 and 4. In 1959, Mr. Scott constructed a three-strand barbed wire fence to divide Lots 3 and 4 and installed 4-inch irrigation pipes just south of the fence, on what was purportedly Lot 4. Mrs. Scott testified that when Mr. Scott built the fence, he tried to put it along the line that the surveyor had indicated in 1956. However, a survey made pursuant to this litigation, revealed that Scott's fence had enclosed, not only Lot 4, but also a triangular portion of Lot 3, which amounted to approximately 0.553 acre.

Immediately after Scott installed the fence, Mrs. Gubler demanded that he remove it, alleging that it encroached on her land. Scott refused. From 1957 to 1962, Mr. and Mrs. Scott removed rocks and debris and planted pasture grasses on all the land south of the fence. From 1962 to 1968, the Scotts (Ethel alone after her husband's death) used all the land south of the fence, including the disputed parcel, for irrigated pasture.

In 1967, Mr. Scott died. In 1968, defendant-appellant Glendon Gubler, Hazel Gubler's son, removed the fence and the irrigation pipe which had been installed by Mr. Scott. From 1968 until the time of trial (September 7, 1972), the Gublers pastured horses on both Lots 3 and 4 and allegedly piled debris, including wrecked car bodies, on land indisputedly part of Lot 4. Mrs. Scott testified that she had not been able to use Lot 4 between 1968 and the time of trial.

In 1968, Mrs. Scott brought an action against the Gublers seeking actual and punitive damages for trespass and the removal and conversion of her fence and pipe. The action was pending in one form or another until 1971, when the Gublers filed their answer denying Mrs. Scott's charges. The Gublers also filed a counterclaim alleging that the Scotts had installed the fence and the pipe on the Gublers' premises, and that this was a "wilful, malicious and wrongful act." The Gublers sought damages for the expense of removing the fence and pipe, and attorney fees.

The case was tried to the court without a jury. At the close of the evidence, the district court granted a motion by Mrs. Scott's counsel for involuntary dismissal of the Gublers' counterclaim. Subsequently the court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law and entered a judgment awarding Mrs. Scott $960 for actual damages, which were based on the rental value of Lot 4 from 1968 to 1972, the cost of replacing the fence and pipes and the cost of removing the debris from Lot 4. The court also awarded Mrs. Scott $1,000 in punitive damages and her court costs. In addition, the judgment quieted title in Mrs. Scott to the triangular portion of Lot 3 which had been enclosed by Scott's fence. That portion of the judgment reads:

The above portion of the judgment is based on the district court's conclusion that the Scotts had established title to the 0.553 acre portion of Lot 3 by adverse possession under oral claim of title pursuant to I.C. § 5-209.1

On this appeal, the Gublers make two assignments of error. First, although conceding that the Scott's possession and use of the disputed half-acre met the statutory requirements for adverse possession under oral claim of title in all other respects, the Gublers contend that the Scotts did not pay taxes on the parcel of land as required by I.C. § 5-210.2 Therefore, they argue Mrs. Scott cannot be said to have acquired title to the disputed parcel by adverse possession.

Mrs. Scott's complaint in this action did not specifically seek to quiet title to the disputed parcel, which is described in the judgment of the district court. However, the case was tried as if this issue had been properly raised and no objection was made to the discrepancy between the pleadings and the evidence at any point in the trial or on appeal. I.R.C.P. 15(b) provides:

Therefore, the issue of whether the district court was correct in concluding that the Scotts had acquired title to the disputed half-acre by adverse possession is properly before this Court.

The district court found that from 1959, the year that the fence was built, until 1968, when the fence was torn down, Mrs. Scott and her husband had paid all the taxes levied by the Jerome County Assessor on Lot 4. He concluded that all the requirements of I.C. § 5-210 had been met and that the payment of all the taxes levied on Lot 4 by the Jerome County Assessor constituted payment of taxes on all the land actually being occupied as Lot 4, including the disputed land. We consider this conclusion to be correct.

Only a minority of American jurisdictions have enacted statutes which require payment of taxes on adversely claimed land as a prerequisite of obtaining title by adverse possession. See Comment, Payment of Taxes as a Condition of Title by Adverse Possession: A Nineteenth Century Anachronism, 9 Santa Clara Lawyer, 244, 249-50 (1969). In regard to boundary disputes between contiguous landowners where one party claims to have acquired title to a strip of his neighbor's land by adverse possession, the view of California, and a majority of the other states with a tax payment requirement, is that where the legal description of the adverse claimant's land does not include the disputed parcel, and taxes are assessed in accordance with the legal description, payment of such taxes does not constitute payment of taxes on the claimed parcel for the purpose of adverse possession. E.g., Townsend v. Koukol, 148 Mont. 1, 416 P.2d 532 (1966); Ernie v. Trinity Lutheran Church, 51 Cal.2d 702, 336 P.2d 525 (1959).

The Supreme Court of Indiana, in certain circumstances, takes a different view. That court has held that in the case of boundary disputes between contiguous landowners, where one landowner can establish continuous open, notorious and hostile possession of an adjoining strip of his neighbor's land, and taxes are assessed by lot number or by government survey designation, rather than by metes and bounds description, payment of taxes on the lot within which the disputed tract is enclosed satisfies the tax payment requirement of the Indiana statute.3 Nasser v. Stahl, 126 Ind.App. 709, 134 N.E.2d 567 (1956); Echterling v. Kalvaitis, 235 Ind. 141, 126 N.E.2d 573 (1955). Several Idaho cases have expressed approval of a similar theory. See White v. Boydstun, 91 Idaho 615, 622, 428 P.2d 747 (1967); Beneficial Life v. Wakamatsu, 75 Idaho 232, 242, 270 P.2d 830 (1954); Calkins v. Kousouros, 72 Idaho 150, 156, 237 P.2d 1053 (1951); Mulder v. Stands, 71 Idaho 22, 26, 225 P.2d 463 (1950); Bayhouse v. Urquides, 17 Idaho 286, 297-298, 105 P. 1066 (1909).

In Calkins v. Kousouros, supra, 72 Idaho at 156, 237 P.2d at 1057, a case involving a boundary dispute between the owners of city lots, where the adverse claimant's lot was assessed as "Tax No. 3" this Court stated:

The rigid application of the tax payment requirement of California's adverse possession statute to boundary disputes between contiguous landowners has been strongly and consistently criticized by California commentators, Comment, Payment of Taxes as a Condition of Title by Adverse Possession: A Nineteenth Century Anachronism, 9 Santa Clara Lawyer 244 (1969); Boundary Litigation in California, 11 Stan.L.Rev. 720 (1959); Comment, The Payment of Taxes Requirement in Adverse Possession Statutes, 37 Calif.L.Rev. 477 (1949). We do not feel constrained to follow California precedent on this point, as urged by the appellants.

In the case before us, there is no evidence in the record as to how Lots 3 and 4 were described on the assessment roll of the Jerome County Assessor's Office during the period from 1959 to 1968. Hazel Gubler's 1972 Jerome County taxpayer's statement describes Lot 3 by its government survey designation rather than by metes and bounds. There was no evidence of visual inspection of Lots 3 and 4 by Jerome County Assessor after Scott's fence was installed.

Under the facts of this case, the district court was correct in concluding that payment by the Scotts of all the taxes levied on Lot 4 by the Jerome County Assessor constituted payment of taxes on all the land actually being occupied as Lot 4, including the disputed land.

Of the four Idaho cases cited by appellants in support of their contention that Mrs. Scott could not be deemed to have acquired title to the disputed parcel by adverse possession by reason of failure to comply with the tax payment requirement of I.C. § 5-210, three are readily distinguishable on their facts from the instant case. Fry v. Smith, 91 Idaho 740, 430 P.2d 486 (1967) involved a fence which had been erected as a matter of convenience, not to mark a boundary, and a tax assessment description which included more than merely the government lot designation of the property in question. Hamilton v. Village of McCall, 90 Idaho 253, 409 P.2d 393 (1965) involved an attempt by a town to acquire certain land by adverse possession while at the same time collecting taxes on that land from the record title holder. The case of Meyer v. Schoeffler, 39 Idaho 500, 227 P. 1061 (1924) involved an oral trade of land, a very different situation from the case before us. The fourth Idaho case cited by appellant is that of Blayden v. Morris, 37 Idaho 37, 214 P. 1039 (1923). That case has already been partially overruled in the case of White v. Boydstun, supra, 91 Idaho at 625, 428 P.2d 747. To the extent that Blayden conflicts with the views expressed in this opinion, the holding in that case is disapproved.

Appellants assert that "the primary reason for the tax payment clause is to give notice to the owner that his land is being adversely claimed." At the least, this assertion is open to dispute. See the discussion of this issue in Comment, Payment of Taxes as a Condition of Title by Adverse Possession: A Nineteenth Century Anachronism, 9 Santa Clara Lawyer 244, 250-54 (1969). In any event, in the case before us, the physical presence of Mr. Scott's fence for nine years, as well as the Scotts' open, visible and continuous use of all the land south of the fence, including the disputed parcel, provided ample notice to the Gublers. Cf. Calkins v. Kousouros, supra, 72 Idaho at 152-153, 237 P.2d 1053. We also note that Hazel Gubler complained that the fence encroached on her land at the time Mr. Scott installed it in 1959, but then did nothing further until after Mr. Scott's death in 1967.

Appellants seem to imply that if Mrs. Scott is found to have acquired title to the disputed parcel of land by adverse possession, Mrs. Gubler is entitled to restitution of a part of the taxes that she paid on Lot 3. However, they do not assign as error the trial court's failure to make findings regarding the issue of restitution. The appellants' answer and counterclaim asserted that they, the Gublers, had paid taxes on Lot 3, but nothing was pled regarding the amount paid or concerning reimbursement. If the Gublers sought a partial reimbursement of taxes paid on Lot 3, it was their responsibility to plead and prove that issue. Converse v. Kenyon, 178 Neb. 151, 132 N.W.2d 334, 340-341 (Neb. 1965). It appears that appellants are raising this issue for the first time in this Court. Issues not originally raised in the trial court will not be considered on appeal. Williams v. Havens, 92 Idaho 439, 444 P.2d 132 (1968).

Appellants' second assignment of error is that the district court erred in dismissing their counterclaim for damages for the time and expense involved in removing Scott's fence and pipe and for attorney fees. They contend that the "dismissal was not * * * based upon any adequate legal or factual grounds."

In this case, the district court found that the Gublers had removed the fence and pipe, piled used car bodies and debris on Lot 4 and had deprived Mrs. Scott of the use of Lot 4 from 1968 until the time of trial. The court further found that "the actions of defendants from early 1968 to the present have been a willful, wanton, malicious and intentional invasion of the property rights of the plaintiff," and concluded that the Gublers were not entitled to relief on their counterclaim. The findings of the district court are supported by substantial and competent evidence and will not be disturbed on appeal. Hyde v. Lawson, 94 Idaho 886, 891, 499 P.2d 1242 (1972); Thompson v. Fairchild, 93 Idaho 584, 587, 468 P.2d 316 (1970).

The judgment of the district court is in all respects affirmed. Costs to respondent.

SHEPARD, McQUADE, McFADDEN and BAKES, JJ., concur.