FRIENDLY, Chief Judge:
Fred Fernandez has been tried before three juries in the District Court for the Eastern District of New York for the armed robbery of the First Federal Savings & Loan Association on the afternoon of December 24, 1970. At all three trials the Government's case rested almost entirely on identification testimony,
I. Speedy Trial Rules
Before taking up other matters we must deal with one contention of the defendant which, if correct, would invalidate not only the trial leading to the conviction under review but, in all likelihood, a subsequent one. This is that the government was not ready for retrial within the period stipulated by the Second Circuit Rules regarding Prompt Disposition of Criminal Cases. While Rules 3 and 6 require that, in cases where a defendant is detained, as Fernandez was, the government must be ready within 90 days "from the date when the order occasioning the retrial becomes final," in this instance March 17, 1972, defense counsel took the position, as she still does, that it was enough that the government be ready within six months. Since Rule 3 provides simply for discharge of a defendant held in custody when the government is not ready within 90 days, and Rule 4 alone provides for dismissal of the charges against a defendant when the government is not ready within 6 months, rights based on the 90-day period were clearly waived. Rule 8. It further appears that during at least some of this time defendant was detained in state prison on an entirely separate offense, in which case the detention provisions of Rule 3 by their own terms do not apply.
The government announced its readiness for trial no later than July 7, 1972, less than four months after the order for retrial had become final. More than a month of this delay was excludable because of pretrial motions under Rule 5(a); indeed two such motions were heard on the very day when the government announced its readiness. While defendant argues that the government cannot claim it was "ready" when it had not complied with orders to turn over evidence, we have no reason to doubt that if in July the court had set the case for early trial, the government would have complied. Although the trial did not begin until November 8,
II. Place of Trial
Another matter deserves discussion before we proceed to the point that we deem to require reversal. The District Court for the Eastern District of New York is authorized to sit not only at its headquarters in Brooklyn, but also in Mineola and Westbury, Long Island. 28 U.S.C. § 112(c). Judge Travia and Senior Judge Zavatt have sat regularly at Westbury.
The instant case having been assigned to Judge Travia in Westbury, defendant moved on March 28, 1972 for its reassignment to Brooklyn since the crime was committed in Queens County. We perceive no sound reason for the denial of the motion. There is not the slightest indication why "the interests of justice" required trial at a point 26 miles away from the headquarters of the court and the United States Attorney, and nearly that much further away from the office of defense counsel in Manhattan. According to Fernandez' affidavit on the transfer motion—not contradicted by the government in this respect—none of the principal witnesses lived in Nassau County or in a place to which Westbury, without public transportation, was easily accessible. So far as the record shows, the only person convenienced by trial at Westbury was the judge. Denial of the motion to reassign the case seems to have violated the second sentence of F.R.Cr.P. 18,
There is no merit in Fernandez' most extreme argument, namely, that by having been tried in Westbury rather than Brooklyn, he was deprived of rights under Article III, Section 2 and the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution, and under the first sentence of F.R. Crim.P. 18. Both the Sixth Amendment and the first sentence of Rule 18 speak of a right to trial in the district where the crime occurred; since the theft of which Fernandez was convicted occurred in Queens, in the Eastern District of New York, trial in Westbury, in Nassau County, a county adjacent to Queens and within the District, rather than in Brooklyn, the headquarters of the Eastern District, does not offend the terms of these venue requirements. Indeed, Rule 18 was amended in 1966 to eliminate an earlier requirement that the trial take place in the district and division where the crime occurred. The Advisory Committee suggesting the change relied on dictum in Supreme Court opinions indicating that trial within the district but not within the division was constitutionally permissible, see United States v. Anderson, 328 U.S. 699, 66 S.Ct. 1213, 90 L.Ed. 1529 (1946), on which lower federal courts have also relied, see Lafoon v. United States, 250 F.2d 958 (5th Cir. 1958); United States v. Partin, 320 F.Supp. 275 (E.D.La.1970). It follows a fortiori that when a district is not separated into divisions, like the Eastern District of New York, trial at any place within the district is allowable under the Sixth Amendment and the first sentence of F.R.Cr.P. 18.
However, satisfaction of this rather simple requirement need not preclude
Prior to the interrogation of the veniremen on voir dire, Fernandez moved —apparently pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1867(a)
We think this denial was ill-advised.
The process for selecting veniremen under the Eastern District's Jury Selection Plan,
Federal policies of fair and impartial jury selection procedures were most eloquently stated in Thiel v. Southern Pac. Co., 328 U.S. 217, 220, 66 S.Ct. 984, 985, 90 L.Ed. 1181 (1946):
Such language—in particular the phrase "cross-section of the community" —is helpful only as a description of rather than a solution to the problem of determining which jury selection procedures are permissible and which are not. On the one hand, it is clear that a criminal defendant in a federal court has no right to an individual panel represented by any particular racial, social, or economic group. United States v. Dennis, 183 F.2d 201, 224 (2 Cir. 1950), aff'd, 341 U.S. 494, 71 S.Ct. 857, 95 L.Ed. 1137 (1951). Nor does one have a right to exact "proportional representation" in the array, United States v. Flynn, 216 F.2d 354, 388 (2 Cir. 1954) (Harlan, J.). And use of certain valid "selective criteria"
In particular, it seems to us that the combination of the Eastern District's system of hardship allowances and of the holding of certain trials in Westbury rather than Brooklyn may well lead to departures from the prescriptions of the Jury Selection and Service Act. Hardship allowances based on distance from the courthouse are not in themselves suspect selection criteria. United States v. Kelly, 349 F.2d 720 at 778-779 (2 Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 947, 86 S.Ct. 1467, 16 L.Ed.2d 544 (1966); United States v. Leonetti, supra, 291 F.Supp. at 474.
III. The Conduct of the Trial
In order to place the issue of the judge's conduct of the trial in its setting, it is necessary to summarize the evidence with respect to the identification of Fernandez as one of the robbers, since the issue was even more closely contested at the third trial than at the second. Indeed, defense counsel asks that, in the light of the new evidence presented, we reconsider this court's previous ruling that the impermissibly suggestive photographic identification did not preclude the bank employees from making an in-court identification at a retrial, 456 F.2d at 642-643.
Our ruling was based in considerable part on what seemed a strong resemblance between a photograph of Fernandez taken after his arrest on February 18, 1971, and the robber shown in the photographs by the bank's surveillance camera as standing on the bank floor, near a sign announcing that the bank would be closed on December 25 and an American flag—despite the fact that the surveillance photographs disclosed only the left side of the robber's face. The main point advanced against this at the second trial was that the robber in the surveillance photographs appeared to be at most of medium height, as several bank employees had said, whereas Fernandez was 6' tall. This was what made it important for the defense to have "material allegedly in the Government's files showing the dimension of the interior of the bank so as to permit a calculation of the height of the man wearing the dark pea jacket in the surveillance photographs." 456 F.2d at 643 n. 4. At the third trial both sides adduced expert evidence on this issue. The government's witness was Special Agent Webb of the F.B.I., with many years of experience in the examination of bank surveillance films. Starting from the apparently conceded premise that the angle at which the surveillance camera was positioned would necessarily distort heights as they appeared in photographs, he testified that by superimposing photographic transparencies of various frames of the surveillance film onto other frames and comparing other individuals of known height shown in the film in the same position relative to the camera as the robber in the pea jacket, he could estimate the height of the robber as between 5' 10" and 6' 2". He also testified that the shape and contours of various facial characteristics of the robber shown in the surveillance photographs as wearing the pea jacket and cap and the set of the pea jacket with respect to the neck and shoulders were identical or wholly consistent with those in Fernandez' post-arrest photograph. To counter this impressive testimony the defense called William Vandivert, an experienced professional photographer, who was allowed to testify as an expert in identification after lengthy interrogation by counsel and the court into his qualifications. Using a process similar to that employed by Webb, Vandivert superimposed a transparency of a bank official whose height was variously determined to be 6' or 6' 2" over the surveillance photographs of the robber in the dark
The other new evidence on identification at the third trial was this: At the second trial the government had offered a number of photographs excerpted from the surveillance film, which as now appears, had been cropped in such a way as not to reveal clearly the position of the alleged Fernandez relative to the desks of the two identifying bank employees, Mrs. Kalata and Mr. Pesch. At the third trial, after having finally obtained from the government on the eve of trial what is claimed to have been an exceedingly poor copy of the surveillance film, defense counsel subpoenaed from the Holmes Detective Agency a better copy which was displayed to the jury and which this court witnessed in the presence of counsel. In hundreds of frames this film shows a minute and a quarter of the robbery, starting at some indeterminable time after the robbers had entered the bank and ending as the robber identified as the defendant backed out of the camera's range while he covered the flight of the three other robbers. The point strongly urged by defense counsel is that whereas Mrs. Kalata and Mr. Pesch had been certain that the robber identified as Fernandez was standing immediately in front of Mrs. Kalata's desk, save for a brief interval when he moved toward the middle of the floor, the surveillance film shows the robber identified as Fernandez always in the middle of the floor until his exit and no one else in that position. The government's response was that the camera had not gone into operation at the beginning of the robbery (as was evidently true, since the first frame shows two of the robbers already busy behind the tellers' windows), and, implicitly, that while Mrs. Kalata and Mr. Pesch may have been overly positive in their recollection how long the robber they identified as Fernandez had remained near Mrs. Kalata's desk, this was a matter for the jury. Although we adhere to our ruling that the impermissibly suggestive photographic identification did not give rise to such a "substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification," Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968), as to prevent Mrs. Kalata and Mr. Pesch from making a valid in-court identification and will not do so on a new trial,
The defendant's criticisms are of two sorts—a general claim that the judge participated unduly in the conduct of the trial, and a more particularized one that, especially by his treatment of the defense expert, Vandivert, he telegraphed to the jury his adverse view on central issues in the case.
Although on the former issue defense counsel places primary reliance on United States v. DeSisto, 289 F.2d 833, 834 (2 Cir. 1961), she has furnished no statistics of the number of questions directed to witnesses by counsel and by the judge such as were there presented. We have not undertaken to perform that task for the trial as a whole; numbers alone do not furnish a "handy tool with
The episodes thus far recited do not jibe with our notion of the proper role of a federal judge in a criminal trial. The Supreme Court noted long ago that "under any system of jury trials the influence of the trial judge on the jury is necessarily and properly of great weight, and that his lightest word or intimation is received with deference, and may prove controlling." Starr v. United States, 153 U.S. 614, 626, 14 S.Ct. 919, 923, 38 L.Ed. 341 (1894). Even if the judge thinks the performance of the Assistant United States Attorney has been inadequate, and we do not suggest here that it was, it is not his business to step in; there is too much danger that the jury will regard him as associated with the prosecution and be swayed accordingly. As Judge Learned Hand observed in United States v. Marzano, 149 F.2d 923, 926 (2 Cir. 1945), while the judge may examine witnesses, or occasionally even call them, "he must not enter the lists." See also Jackson v. United States, 117 U.S.App.D.C. 325, 329 F.2d 893, 894 (1964).
However, we need not face the hard question whether these incidents would demand reversal if they stood alone. What tips the scale is the judge's treatment of the defense expert Vandivert. Although this portion of the record needs to be read in its entirety to appreciate the full flavor of the judge's seeming antagonism, we must be content with the extracts quoted in the appendix. While on one or two occasions the judge seems to have taken over the questioning in order to head off browbeating by the Assistant United States Attorney, whom he urged to cool off, and although Mr. Vandivert did not always give as direct answers as might have been desirable, it is impossible not to fear that the judge's repeated, lengthy and occasionally angry interventions
IV. Other Points
Of the many additional points of error claimed by defense counsel, it is necessary to consider only those that are likely to affect the next, and what we devoutly hope will be the last, trial.
(1) On January 18, 1971, Special Agent Sweeney of the F.B.I. had made an affidavit in support of an arrest warrant which averred that "two unrelated individuals" had identified three of the perpetrators shown in the surveillance photographs as Jerome Reide, Arthur N. Teare and Horsun Howard. Teare was a light skinned black; his photograph was included in an array of five pictures submitted to bank employees on January 25, 1971, with negative results, see 456 F.2d at 641-642. In a pretrial motion defense counsel requested that the government be compelled to disclose the names of the two individuals. The government opposed on the ground that the individuals would be in grave jeopardy if their names were disclosed, and the court refused to compel disclosure. Defendant contends this violated the teaching of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and our holding in United States ex rel. Meers v.
For several reasons, we do not regard Meers as applicable. The persons whose statements were withheld in Meers were witnesses to the crime, not persons who had made an identification from photographs, and there was no assertion that disclosure involved any danger to them. The persons who identified the light-skinned black robber as Teare were in the status of informers who had already positively identified two of Fernandez' co-defendants from the surveillance photographs. In the face of the government's claim of danger to them from a disclosure of their identity, the case called "for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual's right to prepare his defense." Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 62, 77 S.Ct. 623, 628, 1 L. Ed.2d 639 (1957). Here Fernandez has made no contention that Teare was one of the robbers; indeed, comparison of Teare's picture and the surveillance photographs would suffice to dispel this. The claim is not that the two unnamed individuals would stick to their identification of Teare and thereby exculpate Fernandez but rather that their presence as witnesses would permit the defense to develop that since two people erred in saying that the light-skinned robber was Teare, Mrs. Kalata, Mr. Pesch and the government expert, Mr. Webb, may have erred in saying he was Fernandez. Since the defense is already in a position to do this, sufficiently although perhaps not quite as effectively, by examining Sweeney, the prejudice arising from the nondisclosure of the informants' identities is relatively slight.
(2) Agent Sweeney had made up from the surveillance pictures an exhibit of isolated views of each of the four robbers. On direct examination, the prosecutor asked him to "put the name of each individual above that picture." When defense counsel objected, the court asked "Those are pictures of four people you know to be people whose names you put on?" and, on receiving an affirmative answer, allowed the witness to write the names, including Fernandez', above the photographs, received the exhibit in evidence, and allowed it to be shown to the jury. This was clear error since Sweeney had no personal knowledge and his statements were thus pure hearsay. Nor had he been allowed to testify as an expert qualified to compare the surveillance photographs with known photographs of Fernandez. Very likely the jury took this into account, but the error should not be repeated on the new trial.
(3) Defense counsel objected, on grounds of irrelevancy and prejudice, to the court's receiving in evidence the .45 fully loaded automatic pistol and ammunition, the pea coat, and $480 in bills found on Fernandez' arrest, see 456 F.2d at 639. The objections to admissions of the gun, the ammunition and the pea coat are plainly without merit. Admission of the bills is a closer question. Forty-seven days had elapsed between the bank robbery and the arrest, and Fernandez claimed, although not very persuasively, that he had earned the money. While the evidence had some minimal relevancy, that is not the end of the inquiry, since there was a substantial possibility of prejudicial impact on the jury. Our own answer to the further question, "Is its value worth what it costs," McCormick, Evidence 438-39 (1972 ed.), would differ from the trial judge's.
(4) Although defense counsel had not previously challenged the validity of Fernandez' arrest, see 456 F.2d at 639, as distinguished from the search and seizure, she now does so. The attack could well be regarded as untimely under F.R.Cr.P. 41(e), especially since the lapse of time has caused the government to be unable to locate the affidavit
(5) Defense counsel makes the standard objection that the government expert Webb should not have been allowed to express an opinion on the "ultimate" issue of identity which was to be decided by the jury. Any such rule has long since been abandoned, for reasons stated in 7 Wigmore, Evidence § 1920-21 (3d ed. 1940), and McCormick, Evidence § 12 (1972 ed.), although, of course, the jury must be properly instructed as to its function. The contrary statement in United States v. Spaulding, 293 U.S. 498, 506, 55 S.Ct. 273, 79 L.Ed. 617 (1935), must be regarded as an aberrational departure from the permissive rule earlier announced in Transportation Line v. Hope, 95 U.S. 297, 24 L.Ed. 477 (1877). The federal courts have chosen to follow Hope and ignore Spaulding. See, in addition to the Wigmore and McCormick treatises, Carlson v. Chisholm-Moore Hoist Corp., 281 F.2d 766, 772 (2 Cir. 1960), and cases there cited; Proposed Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 704.
(6) We likewise see no basis for objection to the government's asking two bank employees whether they had identified the other three robbers as Horsun Howard, Jerome Reide and Johnny Sellers. This was relevant in view of testimony that Fernandez had admitted acquaintanceship with Reide and Howard, and that one of his alibi witnesses knew Howard and the others, Reide and Sellers.
(7) Related to the defense argument that the robber identified as Fernandez was not standing where Mrs. Kalata and Mr. Pesch had placed him, defense counsel makes strenuous objection to the alteration of a diagram of the bank, introduced as Exhibit 1 in the first and second trials and as Exhibit N at the third, by the government's "whitening" two places where Mr. Pesch had put marks. The "whitening" appears to have been to permit use of the exhibit at the trial of another robber and, as the government concedes, was an inexcusable breach of the duty of counsel to keep exhibits left in their custody inviolate so long as there is any possibility of need for their reuse.
The other claim is that at the second trial, before Judge Costantino, Mr. Pesch was asked to indicate on Exhibit N where Fernandez was during the robbery, to which he responded "Up in this area (indicating)." At the judge's request he then put an "FF" on the spot. Counsel says that the "FF" was whitened over, a fair inference since it is not to be found on the exhibit, and that the "FF" was in a spot behind the teller's windows now covered by a whitening and a "P." At the third trial Mr. Pesch was shown the "P" and he denied having made it. In the present state of the exhibit it is impossible to tell where Mr. Pesch had placed the "FF"; there are other "whitenings" in addition to the two here discussed. The government should give the defense all possible aid in attempting to restore the exhibit to the form it was in after the second trial, perhaps, if the defense desires, by hiring a disinterested expert in an attempt to remove the various whitenings. However, we are unwilling to hold that if this should fail, Fernandez would be entitled to dismissal of the indictment; this will be for the district judge to determine in the first instance, on all the evidence before him.
As previously indicated, it is important to the interests of justice that, whatever the outcome, Fernandez' fourth trial should be the last. To that end we strongly urge some lowering of temperature on the part of counsel for both sides. Defense counsel seems to have been convinced that the government was pursuing a studied course of balking at the disclosure of evidence to which the defense was entitled; the prosecution seems to have been equally convinced that all this was a ploy designed to prevent a trial or make a record for appeal. We suggest that counsel put away such ideas, no matter how sincerely held, and recognize that while each has a task to perform with vigor and determination, this is not inconsistent with due regard and cooperation. In particular we urge the government to be forthcoming in disclosure except when, as in the case of the informants discussed in Section IV(1) above, this might entail danger to other persons or the drying up of important sources of information. If the government can help the defense locate the former bank employee, Anthony Benjamin, it should do so; if it cannot, the record on that subject should be plain. We are unclear what has happened to the list of 30 persons in the bank at the time of the robbery
APPENDIX
During cross-examination on Vandivert's qualifications to estimate the robber's height by the process described above, the following occurred:
The Court: In other words, this is the first time using a transparency?
The Witness: Using a transparency. However, I have—and I did the other day in projection make—make an—make a tracing, and came to some conclusions as to—as to height.
The Court: How do you do that? I want to hear this.
The Witness: This is—
The Court: Now let's not go off into something else. Let's go to what you just said.
The Witness: I'm not, I'm not. I'm saying that this is not the sort of thing that one can give an estimate in evidence—
The Court: Now, I didn't ask you that opinion, Mr. Vandivert.
The Witness: Vandivert.
The Court: You're smart enough to know that there is such a thing as answering a question.
The Witness: Correct.
The Court: So don't throw in a kettle —
The Witness: I'm not.
The Court: (continuing)—when you talk about peaches and apples, don't throw an apple in the way of a peach then by using your own expression.
Answer my question.
The Witness: I—I made—I made an estimate based on my knowledge of—of 35 millimeter lenses.
The Court: Looking at a picture?
The Witness: Looking at a picture.
The Court: Just looking at a picture you can tell me how high or how tall—
The Witness: I said to you earlier, your Honor, that I could not tell height without a comparison. And this is the first time I've had an honest comparison.
The Court: Then how did you do it previous to this if you didn't use a transparency, how did you do it before? That's all I asked you, and please stick to that question.
The Witness: I couldn't do it scientifically.
The Court: You couldn't do it. That's all I want to know.
Although Vandivert had made clear that the only conclusion by which he would stand was that the light skinned robber was 6" shorter than O'Connor, who he thought was 6' tall, pages were devoted to the following:
The Court: Supposing you were told he was 6-2, would that make the bank robber 8 inches smaller rather than 6?
The Witness: I have said that—
The Court: You said 6 inches.
The Witness: I believe there is six inches difference.
The Court: Based upon the 6 feet?
The Witness: Based upon—
The Court: That would make him 5-6, you said that?
The Witness: No. Your Honor, I thought there was six inches difference between the two men and that would obviously make the bank robber somewhere possibly around 5 feet 8 or if O'Connor was 6 feet 2—
The Witness: I said that he was six inches shorter and I have just finished saying that if O'Connor is six feet two, that would make my estimate of the bank robber—
The Court: No. This is based upon your information, based upon your opinion, based upon the photographs that you superimposed and you said on that basis.
The Witness: I have to go from a known fact about O'Connor as the only index of height in the—
The Court: What's the known fact that you used?
The Witness: I used 6 feet or 6 feet 2. It doesn't matter. We can go from that. I say there is six inches between the two.
The Court: You used 6 feet—
The Witness: I used six feet because that's the information that's been given to me.
The Court: If you used six feet, is that the reason why you told me that he was six inches shorter?
The Witness: No. My estimate of the difference in height between the two, in a comparison of the photographs and the transparency, is six inches.
The Court: According to your own testimony, in other words, he could also be 5 foot 8?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: This so-called robber? Is that the robber?
The Witness: That is the bank robber here and Mr. O'Connor.
The Court: In other words, he could also be 5 foot 8?
The Witness: That's right, Your Honor. I am not trying to put a height to the bank robber.
The Court: Because you told me earlier you can't distinguish height from a photograph?
Don't change that now.
The Witness: I won't change that. It can be done geometrically, but I am not competent to do that.
Later the court interjected, without the slightest need:
The Court: You looked at the whole film and—
The Witness: I haven't had the time to go into this exhaustively or to get prints off the film.
The Court: You told us earlier—
The Witness: I haven't examined the films. To do this you have to have—
The Court: Are you anticipating something?
The Witness: No.
The Court: Then why don't you wait until I ask a question.
The Witness: I am sorry.
The Court: Because you are anticipating what I have in mind.
The Witness: No. I'm sorry.
The Court: No, you are not, are you?
The Witness: I am sorry.
The Court: Tell me when did you get that film to look at? You told us earlier when. Tell me again.
The Witness: I went over it on Sunday.
The Court: You knew you were going to testify with regard to a transparency and its superimposition upon another photo, didn't you?
The Witness: This opportunity occurred when I came—
The Court: Did you know?
The Witness: I didn't.
The Court: In other words, when you were called upon Sunday—
The Witness: I had no way of knowing where—
The Court: How did you get the film Sunday?
The Witness: I got it from Mrs. Piel.
The Court: Did she tell you at that time to look at it because you might testify or did she show it to you just to show it to you?
The Court: Did she tell you that she was going to ask you to come in to testify?
The Witness: Oh, yes.
The Court: Did she tell you that a Mr. Webb had testified with regard to height and that he had used—
The Witness: She mentioned that a Mr. Webb had testified with regard to height.
The Court: And that he had used transparencies, superimposed upon pictures which—
The Witness: She didn't tell me that, no.
The Court: So that you didn't know what you were coming in to testify about today?
The Witness: I knew that I was coming in to testify about a number of things, your Honor.
The Court: Did you know that you were going to be asked—
The Witness: Look, yesterday morning, I put these photographs together.
The Court: Did you do that voluntarily without anybody telling you about it?
The Witness: No. Mrs. Piel gave the photographs to me yesterday morning to make a comparison with.
The Court: By way of using a transparency superimposed upon a picture, right?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: That's the first time you heard of that, yesterday morning?
The Witness: No. I believe she had mentioned that there were transparencies and photographs and comparisons could be made.
The Court: When did you hear that?
The Witness: It could have been Sunday.
The Court: You had a chance to go through that whole reel of film; is that right?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: You can see them, can't you, like anybody else can?
The Witness: Yes. I projected them. I had them projected against the wall.
The Court: Great, you projected. Did you make an attempt to project the entire reel in order to get a particular picture that you might figure would help you in making this comparison for height purposes?
The Witness: I had already seen exhibits that were used—
The Court: I didn't ask you that.
The Witness: I am sorry, your Honor. I am trying to explain.
No, I didn't do that.
The Court: You didn't do that?
The Witness: No.
The Court: Do you know that if you had done it, you could have asked Mrs. Piel to blow one up and to make a picture out of it like the others are; is that right?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: You didn't do that?
The Witness: No.
The Court: In other words, you relied only upon the pictures that you saw that were given to you.
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: And disregarded entirely the—I don't know how many numbers or how many hundreds, rather, of frames there are in that roll of film.
The Witness: There aren't that many pertinent frames when you get down to that.
The Court: I didn't ask you that.
The Witness: Yes, I disregarded that. I will tell you why. Do you want to know?
The Court: Sure, tell me. You might as well, you are telling me everything else.
The Witness: After all, seeing this on Sunday and having to come to court, there isn't the time to spend in preparation that the FBI has had.
The Witness: I haven't had that roll of film to work over.
The Court: I didn't ask you that. You testified in this matter?
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: You knew—
The Witness: I used the exhibits which were brought in by the FBI.
The Court: You knew in the previous testimony, which was at least a year ago, that there was a serious issue here of identification?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: So when you are called upon to testify as an expert, wouldn't you take everything that's available to you plus ask for whatever things you may need in order to make a valued opinion judgment?
The Witness: I certainly would, your Honor. But I want to make one point very clear.
The Court: Don't you take those words, they are not yours.
The Witness: I was not asked to come into this as an expert witness until Sunday.
After Vandivert, on redirect examination, had briefly reiterated his opinion that the light skinned black in the surveillance pictures and Fernandez were not the same person, the court cross-examined for more than twenty-three pages of the transcript. This included such interchanges as the following:
The Court: Do you like to assume things when they fit your purposes?
The Witness: I spend a lot of time trying to work out answers.
The Court: I know you do. I know you do.
* * * * * *
The Court: No, height doesn't identify anybody, does it?
The Witness: Yes, if that man is 6 feet tall or—
The Court: All it would identify him with is another 6 foot tall person, and it could be anybody, it could be me—
The Witness: We have a—well, you weren't there.
The Court: No, were you?
The Witness: No.
The Court: Well, let's start off—
The Witness: Let's—Let's—
The Court: Don't you ask the questions, will you please. Why can't you answer questions?
The Witness: I can, I've just said that my estimate—
The Court: Please stop right there. Do you know what a question is?
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: And do you know what an answer is?
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: Then supposing you let me question, and you answer.
* * * * * *
The Court: Well, you tell me what you can say from that?
The Witness: I can say, and I have said, your Honor, that the bank robber is six inches shorter than Mr. O'Connor.
The Court: All right, then that means that this bank robber—
The Witness: That means that—that means that—
The Court: Now please.
The Witness: All right.
The Court: You don't go beyond— don't you go telling me what—Because you give me that kind of an opinion, I'm going to throw your whole testimony out, because you couldn't testify to what you were about to say, nobody could.
The Witness: Can't I?
The Court: No, and I don't agree that you can either. You can tell me that from this transparency—right? Are you listening to me?
The Witness: I'm listening to you.
The Court: From this transparency all that shows you is that person is approximately
The Witness: That's correct.
The Court: Right.
And on the basis of that you can say that this bank robber is not the defendant in this case?
The Witness: That's correct.
The Court: All right now, what do you have about the defendant, known defendant, because—
The Witness: I—
The Court: (continuing)—apparently you say this man is not the defendant?
The Witness: I say he's not.
The Court: You say he is not. All right, what are you comparing that on?
The Witness: On the basis of—on the basis of height. At the earlier—at the earlier—
The Court: I'm willing to concede to you for the sake of argument, for the purpose of argument—
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: Now tell me what that proves other than the fact that this person in this transparency is 6 inches shorter?
The Witness: Well—
The Court: It doesn't prove that he's either you or me or anybody else?
The Witness: Well, it proves—it proves—
The Court: Including Mr. Fernandez?
The Witness: Your Honor, I am—I am six feet five inches tall, and if—if I were identified for—in a—in a case as being 6 feet 11, it's obvious there is a discrepancy.
I—
The Court: Nobody has made that comparison as yet.
The Witness: No, but it was made— it was made—
The Court: It was not in the questions that I've been asking you, sir.
The Witness: Well—
The Court: And you have been asked just to answer my questions.
The Witness: All right, your Honor.
* * * * * *
The Court: Mr.—Mr.—Mister, it's not so difficult. You aren't trying to evade my questions, are you?
The Witness: Oh, no. No, I'm not.
The Court: You're making a wonderful attempt at doing so.
The Witness: I'm probably—
The Court: I ask you by virtue of your same reasoning, when you say that this man in this transparency, who is the known robber—
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: Right?
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: (continuing)—is six inches shorter than Mr. O'Connor—
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: So we know now to start off with that the person who did rob the bank is six inches shorter than Mr. O'Connor?
The Witness: That's right.
The Court: Does that prove who he is?
The Witness: Not at all.
The Court: And does it prove who he is not.
The Witness: Yes.
The Court: Would it prove that he is not any other person five foot six or taller?
The Witness: It proves he is not a person 6 feet tall, and in the earlier case and in this case—
The Court: Oh, of course, it would prove that he's not six foot two or six foot, like Mr. O'Connor?
The Witness: Right.
The Court: Well, that's all, that's just excluding everybody.
FootNotes
For an interesting discussion of the history of the Constitutional Convention's consideration of the vicinage requirement, see Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 93-97, 90 S.Ct. 1893, 26 L.Ed.2d 446 (1970).
The Jury Selection Act provides no mechanism for direct judicial review of the success or failure of a plan to achieve the objectives of the title. Rather, 28 U.S.C. § 1867(a) provides that the defendant in a criminal case may move to stay proceedings against him or to dismiss the indictment if there has been "a substantial failure to comply with the provisions of this title in selecting the grand or petit jury." On such a motion, the prior approval by the judicial council of the Plan does not bar subsequent judicial review of the possible inadequacies of the Plan. See United States v. Hyde, 448 F.2d 815, 830 n. 23 (5 Cir. 1971).
Although the fact that a particular venire contains uneven representation of a given racial, economic or social group is of no significance if the procedures used did not tend to cause the disparity, United States v. Dennis, supra, and we fully recognize that "one venire list is hardly a fair and revealing comparison," United States v. Leonetti, supra, 291 F.Supp. at 475, we note that of the 27 veniremen interrogated during the voir dire in this trial only two were from Brooklyn, the most populous county in the Eastern District. The county representation of those questioned was as follows:
Staten Island ........................... 1 Kings (Brooklyn) ........................ 2 Queens .................................. 8 Nassau ................................. 13 Suffolk ................................. 3
County Total Pop. White Non-White Kings ................................... 2,602,012 1,905,788 696,224 (73.25) (26.75) Queens .................................. 1,986,473 1,695,288 291,185 (85.34) (14.66) Nassau .................................. 1,428,080 1,355,754 72,326 (94.94) (5.06) Suffolk ................................. 1,124,950 1,066,429 58,521 (94.80) (5.20)
Comment
User Comments