McGOWAN, Circuit Judge.
These are appeals by the Secretary of Agriculture and a group of dairy farmers from a judgment of the District Court declaring illegal and enjoining further enforcement of the "farm location differential" provision
I
The rationale and mechanics of federal regulation of the marketing of milk and other dairy products have been fully described in Blair and elsewhere.
The Act specifies several limited exceptions which the marketing order may make to the requirement that each producer receive a uniform price. Thus, Section 8c(5) permits the inclusion in the order of provisions
Purportedly acting pursuant to the authority of this section, the Secretary included in the 1964 Massachusetts-Rhode Island order several differentials which operate to vary the payments to producers. These are (1) a "butterfat differential," based on the quality of the farmer's milk;
The plaintiffs, 168 dairy farmers who are ineligible for any farm location differential, brought this action against the Secretary of Agriculture seeking a halt to these allegedly discriminatory and unauthorized payments.
Appellants have pressed upon us several distinct positions. They argue, first, that the farm location differential is valid because it is founded not upon the factor of fluid milk utilization condemned in Blair but on other considerations which are authorized by the Act. Secondly, they contend that, whatever might be the fate of another farm location differential under Section 8c(5), this particular provision was explicitly ratified and validated both by Congress in 1937 and by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in 1939. Thirdly, appellants assert that, if the legality of the provision is not clear, neither is its illegality; and that the case should be remanded to the Secretary to afford him an opportunity to elucidate the legal and factual premises of the nearby differential, or to determine whether, if the differential must fall, the marketing order should be continued, with or without other changes. Finally, it is argued that, even if the District Court is affirmed, considerations of equity dictate that its judgment be wholly prospective from the date of our decision, and that the escrowed monies should be distributed to the nearby farmers who have relied on the farm location differential for so many years. We deal with these points in order.
II
As we held in Blair:
In adopting the New York-New Jersey order in 1957, the Secretary was explicit in his reliance upon this outlawed consideration.
But we do not think it can be said, as appellants now do, that this explanation does not reflect any reliance whatsoever upon the prohibited factor of fluid use patterns. To say, of the order under review, that milk produced in locations close to principal consumption centers has enjoyed "customarily somewhat higher values" above transportation costs, and that the differential is provided to reflect "these historical
The 1964 order consolidated the former federal orders regulating the handling of milk in four separate marketing areas: Greater Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Southeastern New England. The oldest and most prominent of these was the Greater Boston marketing order. Under federal "licenses" pursuant to the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act,
Because many nearby producers refused to comply with the license, and "as a concession to win the cooperation of the Massachusetts Milk Control Board in enforcing, or trying to enforce, the terms of the federal license,"
This Order No. 4, promulgated in 1936 after the 1935 amendments to the Act, retained the base-rating system but abandoned the preferential bases for nearby producers. In their place it was provided that producers whose farms were located within forty miles of the State House and who delivered to plants within the same area be paid the full Class I price for all milk not in excess of their bases. Other farmers received only the blended price for their bases. Distant producers could, however, receive an additional twenty-one cents by delivering to a handler within the forty mile radius — a "country station" differential which (unlike the situation today) was not also available to the nearby producer. The latter differential was found by the Secretary to be a "reasonable allowance for the extra handling costs incurred by handlers operating country station plants." As to the former, the Secretary stated that
The order did not expand upon this ground for the preferred treatment of nearby producers. It is a finding which
Evenness of production was certainly not assigned as the reason, presumably because this quality was already compensated by base-rating itself. Higher local production costs had been mentioned at the hearings in support of the special treatment, but this ground was evidently rejected by the Secretary. Since nearby producers were not also to receive the "country station" differential, their preference must have been attributable in large part to transportation and handling advantages. This surmise is supported not only by the Secretary's use of the word "availability" but also by the following argument in the Department of Agriculture's Economic Brief in 1936:
The savings in transportation and handling expenses were not, of course, the whole story. The Agriculture Department's testimony and brief identify another element which was also heavily emphasized at the hearings, namely, the nearby producers' opportunities for direct access to the consumer. This fact was cited at the hearings as the explanation for traditionally higher prices to nearby producers ("he can sell it to the dealer or become a dealer himself, and go direct to the [consumer], and you cannot stop him") and as a potential "menace to the enforcement of the agreement."
In sum, the Secretary did not indicate that he had accorded nearby producers a preferred position because their ever-available milk supply was itself more valuable to the handlers. His action, rather, was based on the nearby producers' "economic position," a position which had enabled them to command higher prices from handlers before regulation and which enabled them to coerce this concession in the marketing order. The reason for this "economic position" was, as the Secretary recognized, "availability for Class I use." We are unable to distinguish this factor from the consideration of historical fluid use patterns condemned in Blair.
After passage of the 1937 Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act, Order No. 4 was amended to do away with base-rating. The nearby producer's preferred status was preserved, however, by the payment of farm and delivery
The farm location differential was designed to reproduce as closely as possible the nearby farmer's preferred position under base-rating. Thus, the differential was (and still is) payable only to the extent that it did not increase the producer's payment above the Class I price.
Evenness of production, which was awarded on an individual basis under base-rating, was an alleged advantage of nearby farmers frequently cited by proponents of the differential during the hearings as explaining their historically higher prices. The Market Administrator's explanation is typical:
This assertion about seasonality was somewhat undermined by the Department's admission that only two-thirds of the nearby producers could be classified as even, and that "even producers were scattered throughout the milkshed so that, for the most part, their evenness was completely offset by the irregularity of their neighbors." The principal relevance of evenness was not that it constituted an element of value in the sense of dependability to the handler, but that nearby producers, who as a group contributed less to the surplus in the market, should not share the burden of that surplus by receiving only the blended price. This resort to seasonability, then, was
Aside from references to evenness of production and the unfairness to the nearby farmer of disturbing his traditionally preferred market position, the evidence revolved mostly around what would happen if nearby farmers were not favored. The New England Milk Producers Association swore they would "oppose the license with every means in their power," and the witness referred to in footnote 16 made the pregnant observation that "there is always a row in the market unless [the nearby producers] are compensated in some way." One source of their power was also recognized: "We are all within retailing distance of the market and we are potential producer-dealers." This potentiality also underlay the observations in the Department's brief and elsewhere that "their milk is accessible to small dealers." This reference to availability was limited to small dealers as it had not been in the Secretary's finding in the 1936 Order, presumably because only large handlers could afford to bring in their milk from distant farms. That nearby farmers had a captive market, however, does not alone explain the higher price, without the additional fact that the farmers or handlers could dispose of the milk at Class I prices. Economist Ellsworth Bell's brief to the Secretary concisely described this economic advantage:
In 1949 the Secretary first promulgated orders for the Springfield and Worcester markets, both of which contained nearby farm location differentials. Those in favor of the differentials had given testimony similar to that which preceded the Boston orders, and had argued for uniformity of treatment with the Boston market. In approving the differentials, the Secretary adverted to "the customary market practice of paying somewhat higher prices to producers located near the sales area." These historically higher prices were explained as follows:
Those direct marketing opportunities were, of course, for fluid use at Class I prices.
In 1951 the Secretary held hearings on a proposal to eliminate the nearby differential in the Boston order. Opponents of the differential argued that it constituted a trade barrier; that evenness of production, if compensable at all, should be recognized on an individual basis; that the validity of the differential should be reexamined in the light of contemporary economic conditions; and that if nearby milk has any extra intrinsic value it should be paid for by the
The Secretary concluded that "no change should be made at this time" because the opponents had "presented no material facts different from those considered in establishing specified location differentials as a part of the order provisions."
In the 1958 southeastern New England order, one of those now consolidated into the 1964 Massachusetts-Rhode Island order, the Secretary for the first time gave a detailed economic justification for the nearby differential, which he described as "identical with that employed in adjacent Federal order markets," a characterization which includes the New York-New Jersey order invalidated by us in Blair:
This rationale — which is clearly reflected in the 1964 order's language about "historical price relationships by location" — is indistinguishable from that advanced the year before in support of the 1957 New York-New Jersey order condemned by this court in Blair v. Freeman.
Almost to a man, however, the witnesses at the hearing testified — and no one denied — that the principal reason for the differential was to preserve for nearby producers their traditionally high percentage of the fluid use market. One witness even argued as follows for an increase in the nearby differential:
And a committee report specially prepared for the Department of Agriculture in 1962 was read into the record. While nearby milk was claimed to have various advantages, the report concluded that:
In view of the concurrence of all concerned — including on occasion the Secretary himself — that the differential was a recognition of historical use values, we find it impossible to conclude that the Secretary did not rely on this illegal consideration in approving the 1964 order as well as all of its predecessors. Although in patent conflict with the blended price regulatory scheme propounded by Congress, it was apparently thought that the resulting distortion was a price necessary to be paid in order to get sufficient agreement to support a marketing order, and that it was better to pay that price than to have no order at all.
III
Section 4 of the 1937 Agricultural Adjustment Act provided:
Appellants argue that, since nearby differentials appeared in the Greater Boston order before 1937, Section 4 immunizes the farm location differential from invalidation under another section of the Act.
First, it does not appear that a farm location differential of the kind now under attack ever appeared in a greater Boston license or order before 1937. There were differentials based on delivery location, and for a time farm location was one condition along with delivery location, but none seems to have been based on farm location alone. Moreover, the differential was never one payable over and above the transportation differential available to distant producers who delivered to a nearby zone.
Second, Section 4 itself ratifies only those provisions and acts which were "done under the Agricultural Adjustment Act." This qualification negates any inference that Congress intended to sanction orders which were illegal under other sections of the Act. And this construction is consistent with what was clearly the sole legislative purpose underlying Section 4, namely, to prevent technical abatements which arguably might result from reenactment of the 1933 Act. In United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 56 S.Ct. 312, 80 L.Ed. 477 (1936), the Supreme Court had invalidated certain of the production control provisions of the 1933 Act; and several lower courts, construing these provisions as not severable, thought that the marketing agreement and order sections must also fall. Section 1 of the 1937 Act specifically reenacted the latter provisions of the Act in order to avoid that result.
Appellants further assert that the legality of the farm location differential was established in 1939 by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Green Valley Creamery, Inc. v. United States, 108 F.2d 342 (1st Cir. 1939). That case began as an action by the United States and the Secretary of Agriculture seeking a marketing injunction requiring the defendants, a group of milk handlers, to comply with Order No. 4 regulating milk marketing in the greater Boston area. One of the defenses was that the farm location differential was not authorized by Section 8c(5). After holding that handlers had no standing to raise this defense, the court volunteered the view that the differential could be
We took note of the Green Valley opinion in Blair, where it was also pressed upon as dispositive; and at that time we expressed our disagreement with the First Circuit's analysis.
IV
Appellants insist that, even if the Secretary had in the past relied upon historical fluid use patterns, there are other legitimate legal and factual grounds for the farm location differential. Therefore, they urge, the court should, before striking the provision from the order, in effect remand the case to the Secretary for an opportunity to offer a more explicit justification for the differential. We are not impressed with this suggestion since we do not think that a court should, in the face of what it finds to be a clear and continuingly burdensome statutory violation, albeit one of long standing, defer a declaration of its illegality. We are especially not disposed to do so where there appears to be no serious possibility of finding warrant in the statute for a preference based solely on farm location.
We need not speculate as to what the Secretary would do upon such a remand, for he has already, since our decision in Blair and the judgment of the District Court in this case, issued a recommended decision on the farm location differential in the Massachusetts-Rhode Island order. He there concluded after further hearings on the subject that the nearby differential "should be continued." He noted that nearby farmers had received higher prices "prior to the advent of federal regulation," that this advantage had been preserved in the base-rating plans of the federal licenses and 1936 Boston order, and that it had been carried over into the nearby differential of the
The fact of historically higher prices is, of course, not alone sufficient. The reason for that difference must not, under the Act, have been related to sales advantages for fluid use. To avoid this pitfall, the Secretary assigned two other explanations for the high prices: availability and evenness of production. The former is not a legitimate factor. To the extent that it reflects the nearby producers' ability to become distributors directly to the consumer, it is no more than an aspect of the high fluid utilization advantage. To the extent that availability means dependability and ease of access, it is, as we held in Blair,
None of the differentials permitted by the Act contemplate in terms preferential treatment on the basis of farm location.
But the only "location" differential permitted by the Act is one for "the location at which delivery" of the milk is made to the handler. Plainly, this exception was designed to recognize differences in transportation costs only, and does not encompass a preference based solely on farm location.
On August 2, 1968, the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York elected to treat a nearby differential of the kind here in issue as a "market differential." Cranston v. Freeman, 290 F.Supp. 785. It recognized that the result it reached was directly in conflict with our decision in Blair, but it went on to say that while it "concurs with the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia that the uniform price requirement was designed to eliminate ruinous competition for the fluid milk market, it cannot concur in [that Court's] conclusion that the requirement prohibits recognition of the historic fact that farmers located in particular areas near the market were accorded a greater share of that market." In other words, although Congress authorized a price pooling arrangement in order to eliminate revenue disparities among producers due to varying access to the fluid milk market, those who enjoyed that advantage before pooling must continue to have it because a larger percentage of their production customarily goes into fluid milk use. This is, of course, precisely what the Secretary gave as his primary reason for including the nearby differential in the Connecticut marketing order involved in Cranston:
The Cranston court does not, therefore, sustain the nearby differential on some reason other than that relied upon by the Secretary in propounding it. It, rather, embraces fully the Secretary's persistent assumption that Congress did not really mean what it said about end-use not being allowable as a factor in fixing the amount received for milk by the producer.
Even if the farm location differentials cannot be saved, appellants' argument continues, the case should be remanded to the Secretary so that he can determine whether other amendmants are necessary and whether the order, without a nearby differential, effectuates the declared policy of the Act.
Those decisions do enunciate the principle that a court cannot always assume that an agency, had it been aware of the limits of its authority, would have promulgated an order differing only in the absence of the provision judicially declared unlawful. That principle, however, does not obtain here. The 1964 order contains an explicit severability clause, clearly indicating that all parties contemplated that judicial invalidation of some provisions would not upset the remainder. Moreover, unlike the provisions involved in Addison and Idaho Power, the nearby differential is discrete. There is nothing to suggest that elimination of it irretrievably impairs the Secretary's power and purpose to administer the significant regulatory scheme embodied in the remaining provisions of the order. He has simply been told to discontinue illegal payments under the order. Since any discrimination attributable
V.
Although we affirm the judgment of the District Court, we must deal with the distant producers' claim of equitable entitlement in respect of the escrow fund.
In support of their claim, the nearby producers point out that the nearby differential was in operation for almost 30 years before it was challenged in court and that the nearby farmers have relied upon it over that period in making economic decisions and investments.
We recognized in Blair that the plaintiffs' long acquiescence in the differential and their years of enjoyment of a blended price and stable marketing conditions in the milkshed were significant factors bearing upon their entitlement to equitable relief. In view of these factors, the nearby farmers could legitimately have expected to receive, and the distant farmers to pay, the differential until it has been held invalid, after full opportunity for the presentation of views on both sides, by a court. We think this is a fair view of the equities; and, since a preliminary injunction does not constitute a final judgment on the merits, appellant producers should receive the amounts escrowed between January 16 and June 15, 1967.
We are not persuaded that the endorsement of the nearby differential in Green Valley further alters the equities between the parties. The nearby producers' reliance on that opinion is amply recognized by preserving their preference until it has been finally invalidated by a responsible court having jurisdiction to do so. Their expectations cannot seriously be said to encompass a decision to that effect by a Court of Appeals but not by a District Court.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed and the case remanded to the District Court for further proceedings consistent herewith.
It is so ordered.
FootNotes
and
22 Fed.Reg. 4213-14 (1957).
370 F.2d at 237-238. A like interaction between the amount of the differential and marketwide fluid milk utilization is achieved by the provision of the Massachusetts-Rhode Island order that if "the addition of 46 cents gives a result greater than the Class I price * * * there shall be added [only] a rate which will produce that price." Since the blend price itself rises with increased fluid utilization, the amount of the differential necessary to give the nearby farmer the Class I (fluid) price varies inversely with marketwide fluid milk use.
24 Fed.Reg. 1049, 1063 (1959).
H.R.Rep.No. 468, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1937).
108 F.2d at 346.
108 F.2d 342, 344 (1939).
Rock Royal did not involve producers, but only handlers and therefore a different provision of the statute. Moreover, the differential payments there involved depended upon the location of the plant to which delivery was made, and not the location of the delivering farmer.
7 C.F.R. § 1001.96 (1968).
We are not insensitive to the Secretary's efforts to preserve the public interest in the vastly complex regulation of milk marketing. As we said in Blair, however, "this may be a reason for the legislature to enlarge the Secretary's powers, but not for the court to overlook the limited nature of the authority hitherto conferred by Congress." 370 F.2d at 239.
32 Fed.Reg. 9902, 9920 (1967).
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