CARROLL, Judge.
The code of Metropolitan Dade County (hereinafter referred to as Metro), as an essential sanitation measure enacted under the police power, made provision for garbage and waste collection and disposal. §§ 15-1 to 15-33, Metro Code. The program was made applicable in certain unincorporated areas of the county, as to properties improved by residences or commercial establishments. § 15-23. Fees were established, and the amounts were based on the quantity of garbage or waste involved. § 15-24. Provision was made for residents to use the alternative of taking their garbage and waste to designated county dump areas, for disposition there at small cost. § 15-25. The Metro code does not classify the
The appellee Franklin E. Gruver filed a suggestion of prohibition in the circuit court to prevent his prosecution in the Metro court for nonpayment of a fee imposed for garbage or waste collection from his property. Rule nisi in prohibition was issued, and later made absolute. The respondent Metro court appealed.
The question briefed and argued on the appeal was whether imprisonment of a property owner for failure to pay a debt imposed on him for garbage or waste collection was interdicted by § 16 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of Florida, F.S.A., as being in violation of the guarantee against imprisonment for debt. The trial judge answered that question in the affirmative, and we agree.
Section 16 of the Declaration of Rights of Florida is as follows:
In Holman v. Hollis, 94 Fla. 614, 114 So. 254, 255, it was said: "The accepted definition of `debt' is: `That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another; a thing owed.'" In Black's Law Dictionary a debt is defined as "an obligation to pay a sum certain; or a sum which may be ascertained by simple mathematical calculation from known facts; regardless of whether the liability arises by contract or is implied or imposed by law."
The rule generally recognized is that taxes and excises including license fees are not debts within the meaning of a constitutional prohibition against imprisonment for debt. The obligation placed by the Metro code on landowners to pay a charge for garbage and waste collection and disposal is not a tax but is a charge imposed for a special service performed to the owner by the county, and as such it constitutes a debt within the guarantee of § 16 of the Declaration of Rights against imprisonment for debt. It was so held (as to hotel inspection service) in Hubbell v. Higgins, 148 Iowa 36, 126 N.W. 914, 918, and State v. McFarland, 60 Wn. 98, 110 P. 792, 794. In the first of those cases, in dealing with this proposition, the Iowa court said:
The Washington Supreme Court, in State v. McFarland, supra, followed the Iowa case and quoted therefrom as above with approval.
Several cases from other jurisdictions cited by the appellant as holding otherwise are not persuasive. See Geurin v. City of Little Rock, 203 Ark. 103, 155 S.W.2d 719; Ex parte Small, 1950, 92 Okla.Cr. 101, 221 P.2d 669; Town of Marion v. Baxley, 192 S.C. 112, 5 S.E.2d 573. The Arkansas case concerned a violation of a garbage and waste collection ordinance, but the particular provision violated was not shown. Also, the penalty there was a fine. Likewise, the Oklahoma case, although expressing a contrary view to Hubbell v. Higgins, supra, was one in which the penalty imposed for violation of the ordinance was a fine. The South Carolina case is contra, but simply states the holding without citing supporting authority.
Two Florida cases cited by the appellant are not considered controlling here. Clein v. Lee, 146 Fla. 306, 200 So. 693, where the City of Miami had imposed a flat annual fee of $4 on each family for garbage removal, did not involve the question of whether nonpayment of a fee could be a basis for imprisonment. It was held there that one who had not paid the garbage fee could not mandamus the city to render the service to him free. In State ex rel. Lanz v. Dowling, 92 Fla. 848, 110 So. 522, 525, the Supreme Court said that debts intended to be covered by § 16 of the Declaration of Rights were those arising ex contractu and not fines or penalties imposed as punishment for crimes. The debt involved in this case is considered to be more nearly in the ex contractu class than in the other categories referred to there. It is a charge for a special service such as ordinarily would be the basis of contract. The fee imposed, and which constitutes the debt, is not a crime, but the code purports to make its nonpayment a crime and punishable by imprisonment. Where a resident who may have complied with all other provisions of the waste program as it affects him or his property is simply in arrears in payment of fees, the declaration in the code that his nonpayment of the fee is a crime for which he is subject to imprisonment, amounts to a device under the penal laws to imprison him for debt. Thus in 16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 204(4), pp. 1010, 1011, it is said:
The writ of prohibition granted by the circuit court did not restrain the prosecution but only enjoined the confinement penalty. The writ was properly thus limited,
Accordingly, the judgment in prohibition is affirmed.
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