MORGAN, District Judge.
Plaintiff Bates Block, as Executor of the Estate of Charles Baxter Jones, Jr., and the Trust Company of Georgia, as Executor of the Estate of Julia Lowry Block Jones, and Bates Block, as Guardian and Next Friend of three minor children of the deceased Charles Baxter Jones, Jr., and Julia Lowry Block Jones, have brought suit against Compagnie Nationale Air France (hereinafter referred to as Air France) for the negligent deaths of Charles Baxter Jones, Jr., and Julia Lowry Block Jones. The action for both Mr. and Mrs. Jones each alleges two separate claims. The first claim for each of the deceased alleges that death was caused by the "act, fault, imprudence or negligence of the defendant". The second claim for each of the deceased alleges that the deaths were caused by "wilful misconduct".
Thirty-one (31) other actions growing out of the same air crash have been filed in this Court, and the complaints, together with the defensive pleadings, are substantially the same. On October 15, 1963, all of these actions were consolidated pursuant to Rule 42(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as to a determination of liability of the defendant, with a separate trial as to damages for each claim should the issue of liability be determined in favor of the plaintiffs.
These actions arise out of an air crash of an Air France 707 jet near Orly Field, Paris, France, on June 3, 1962. The decedents were all members of the Atlanta Art Association, and on February 2, 1962, the Atlanta Art Association had entered into an International Charter Flight Agreement with Air France for Air France to furnish the jet liner for flight from Atlanta to Paris on May 9, 1962, with return from Paris to Atlanta on June 3, 1962. The charter charges were $36,000.00. Under the terms of the Charter Flight Agreement Air France furnished all the crews, fuel, etc.; and no passenger was to be carried unless such passenger had been issued a ticket by Air France. The International Charter Agreement was made subject to the approval of the Civil Aeronautics Board (hereinafter referred to as CAB) and, thereafter, approval for this off-route charter was granted by the CAB. The Air France plane was beginning the return flight to Atlanta according to the International Charter Agreement when the crash occurred, resulting in death to all of the passengers on board.
Plaintiffs instituted these actions in this Court by the filing of complaints, and in one claim of each complaint alleged that the plaintiffs decedents died as a result of the defendant's negligence, and that, based on the applicable law, a cause of action for recovery of damages sustained by each of the plaintiffs exists in an unlimited amount. In its answer to each of the complaints, the defendant alleged that the applicable law is the Warsaw Convention
Plaintiffs, thereafter, filed a motion to strike (Rule 12(f), F.R.C.P.) those parts of the defendant's second defense which
By order dated January 29, 1964, this Court denied plaintiffs' motion to strike for the reason that the applicability of the Warsaw Convention could not be determined without reference to the facts as to the type of charter arrangement involved in this particular flight, and that, as these facts were not evident from the pleadings, the proper method to proceed would be a motion with supporting affidavits filed pursuant to Rule 56, F.R.C.P. See Augustus v. Board of Public Instruction of Escambia County, Florida, 5 Cir., 306 F.2d 862.
Plaintiffs, on March 9, 1964, filed a motion for partial summary judgment (Rule 56, F.R.C.P.) seeking the granting of a partial summary judgment dismissing and striking each and every part of the second defense to each complaint which asserts that the Warsaw Convention is applicable to this matter, and that the plaintiffs' claims for damages as set forth in their petition are contrary to, in conflict with, or limited by the Warsaw Convention, the laws of France, or any contract of carriage.
Affidavits and briefs having been filed by all parties in compliance with Local Rule 8, the matter is now before this Court for consideration. The Court also considers the briefs, memoranda, and documents heretofore filed by all the parties on the plaintiffs' motion to strike under Rule 12(f) as part of this motion.
From the evidence now presented, it appears that there are no substantial differences as to the facts surrounding the arrangements of the "Jet Trip to the Louvre".
It appears that around November, 1961, a committee of the Atlanta Art Association began working with the American Express Company to obtain a tour for the Atlanta Art Association. Sometime prior to February 2, 1962 (the date of the execution of the International Charter Flight Agreement) more than 100 members of the Association had made plans to make the trip.
The International Charter Flight Agreement provided that the carriage was subject to the rules as established by the Warsaw Convention. This agreement further provided that the Association acted as agent for its members and that a ticket was to be issued to each passenger.
The following provisions from said International Charter Flight Agreement are particularly pertinent:
NOTE: Schedule A attached to the International Charter Flight Agreement states that the Charterer is an organization "whose principal aims, purposes and objectives are other than travel".
The tickets provided for by the International Charter Flight Agreement were delivered to the passengers three weeks prior to the May 9 Atlanta departure of the aircraft.
As in every case, the question must relate to the pertinent facts, and in these suits, the question is "Does the Warsaw Convention apply to the particular flight here under consideration?"
This Court heretofore, in various hearings, has noted that there are various possible arrangements by which a charter flight might be made and the question therefore is not "Does the Warsaw Convention apply generally to charter flights", but the question is "Does the Warsaw Convention apply to this particular charter flight?"
The Warsaw Convention was signed by the President of the United States on October 29, 1934 (49 U.S.Stat. at L. p. 3000, at p. 3013) by and with the advice and consent of the Senate (49 U.S.Stat.
It is a valid and existing Treaty, Garcia v. Pan American Airways, Inc., 269 App.Div. 287, 55 N.Y.S.2d 317 (1945), aff'd. 295 N.Y. 852, 67 N.E.2d 257, cert. den. 329 U.S. 741, 67 S.Ct. 79, 91 L.Ed. 640, and "constitutes part of the law of this land, over-riding state law and policies (U. S. Constitution, Article VI; Wyman v. Pan American Airways, 181 Misc. 963, 43 N.Y.S.2d 420, aff'd. 267 App.Div. 947, 48 N.Y.S.2d 459; 293 N.Y. 878, 59 N.E.2d 785, cert. den. 324 U.S. 882, 65 S.Ct. 1029, 89 L.Ed. 1432)."
The Convention first provides when it shall apply. It specifies three exceptions to its applicability (Articles 2 and 34) but does not except charter flights. It provides a presumption of liability in favor of the passengers and against the carrier (Articles 17 and 20) and a limitation of that liability (Article 22) with an exception to the limitation in the event of "wilful misconduct" (Article 25). It provides that if the carrier fails to deliver a ticket notifying the passenger of the applicability of the Convention, the Convention shall still apply, but the limitation of liability shall not apply (Article 3).
Like any other treaty or statute, if the facts come within its general provisions, and not with an exception, then the Treaty applies.
Article 1 of the Treaty provides that:
From the pleadings, it is undisputed that the passengers were being transported as passengers for hire by the aircraft. The Convention applies to "all international transportation of persons * * * by aircraft for hire". Thus, the Warsaw Convention applies if this was "international transportation" within the meaning of the Convention. The Convention leaves no doubt as to what is meant by "international transportation". Article 1(2) defines it as follows:
That Article provides that any transportation — scheduled or non-scheduled, common or private carriage, charter or otherwise — is "international" within the meaning of the Convention if the agreed-to transportation (1) is between two nations which are parties to the Convention, or (2) is "round-trip", leaving from and returning to a nation which is a party to the Convention, with an "agreed stopping place" outside that nation (whether or not the nation where the stop is made is a party to the Convention). France, the "agreed stopping place" on the subject flight, is a party to the Warsaw Convention, but the Convention would apply even if France were not a party, because the place of departure (Atlanta) and the place of termination (Atlanta) are both in the United States, which has adopted the Convention. "Round-trip" flights departing from and returning to the United States are subject to the Convention. Ross v. Pan American Airways, Inc., 299 N.Y. 88, 85 N.E.2d 880 (1949).
Thus, reading Article 1, it is clear that the "transportation" which is the subject of these actions was "international"
The plaintiffs in the pending suits have contended that the Warsaw Convention does not apply to charter flights. While it is true that this question has never been the principal issue in any of the decisions decided by the Courts in this country which this Court has been able to read, and the question seems to be novel, other courts, where the issue could have been presented, have indicated that, in a similar factual situation, Warsaw would apply.
In Flying Tiger Line, Inc. v. United States, 170 F.Supp. 422, 145 Ct.Cl. 1 (1959), the plaintiff, Flying Tiger, had entered into a "Charter Agreement" with the United States to carry cargo. One of its planes, carrying $67,159.91 in goods, was lost. The question was whether the Warsaw Convention and its two-year limitation period applied. The Court said, at page 423 of 170 F.Supp.:
The transportation there involved was "chartered", yet the Court recognized that the Warsaw Convention was applicable "to the transportation involved" — charter transportation.
In the recent case of Mertens v. Flying Tiger Line, Inc., 35 F.R.D. 196, which was a case from the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, the plaintiffs sued for the death of a passenger en route from California to Tokyo aboard a chartered aircraft. The United States Government had chartered the plane from the carrier, Flying Tiger, to transport military personnel. The plaintiffs sued to recover for the wrongful death of their son, Lieutenant Frederic Thorn Mertens, a passenger on a plane operated by the defendant airline under charter to the United States Government. The plane was on a trip from California to Japan, by way of Honolulu and Wake Island. On September 9, 1958, as it was nearing its destination near Tokyo, it crashed into a mountain, resulting in the destruction of the plane and the death of all those aboard, including Lieutenant Mertens.
* * * *
Plaintiffs argue that the Flight Agreement provision that the charterer was the agent of the passengers was an attempt to create a direct contractual relationship between carrier and passenger which they have contended must exist in order for the Convention to be applicable. No such direct contractual relationship is required by the Convention,
The provision of the International Charter Flight Agreement that the charterer acted as agent for the passengers was required by the CAB pursuant to statute. The CAB regulates air carriers and, through them, regulates travel agents handling air transportation. The CAB has promulgated rules and regulations governing charter flights. Those rules and regulations are contained in
"Person" is defined so as to include "association" or "corporation" [49 U.S.C. § 1301(27)]. Thus, the Atlanta Art Association, an association not engaged in transportation directly or indirectly, could obtain group rate transportation for its members, if the charter is made by the Association as an agent or representative of such group. The CAB required that such a charterer act as agent for the passengers, and the Flight Agreement in this case was made in compliance with that rule of the CAB. Without such an arrangement, under its rules, the CAB would have disapproved the Charter Flight Agreement here involved.
From the evidence, it is clear that the CAB prescribed the form of and expressly approved the charter agreement here used, and this charter agreement included a provision clearly declaring that the Warsaw Convention applied. When the Atlanta Art Association, through its president, executed the International Charter Flight Agreement as agent for the passengers, a direct relationship arose between Air France and each passenger. The contract called upon Air France to furnish "air transportation"; thus, it was a transportation contract, a "contract of carriage".
Also, the International Charter Flight Agreement provided for the issuance of a ticket to each passenger, which would bind Air France and the passengers in a two-party agreement. These tickets were issued and delivered to the passengers approximately three weeks before the flight was initiated and, under the Flight Agreement, the passengers obligated themselves to be bound by the tickets. When the tickets were issued and delivered, as they were in this case, the requirement of the Flight Agreement insofar as tickets were concerned was fulfilled. Each ticket issued pursuant to the International Charter Flight Agreement was a "contract of carriage" between the holder and Air France.
The Warsaw Convention itself says it shall apply to "any" (Article 1, Paragraph (2) and "all" (Article 1, Paragraph (1) air transportation for hire between France and the United States. The plaintiffs contend that the Convention does not include charter flights. However, unless there is a clear exception
Article 3 of the Warsaw Convention provides as follows:
The undisputed evidence establishes that the requirement of ticket delivery was met in the instant cases. The examination of the tickets themselves shows that they contained all the necessary particulars specified in Article 3 of the Convention.
Even the absence of tickets would not render Warsaw inapplicable. Warsaw applies to "any" and "all" transportation by aircraft for hire between the High Contracting Parties. If a ticket had not been delivered, or if it had omitted a required provision, Warsaw would still apply, but the limitation of liability would not. (Article 3, Paragraph (2). The facts show that the proper tickets were delivered; thus, a contract of direct carriage arose between Air France and the various plaintiffs. See Ross v. Pan American Airways, Inc., supra.
In the Ross case, Mrs. Ross was injured in an air accident while traveling during World War II as an entertainer for the U.S.O. The evidence in that case showed that one Abraham, an employee of the U.S.O., made the arrangements for the transportation of all the group of U.S.O. entertainers, and the United States Army paid for the tickets. Mrs. Ross never personally received her ticket but it was placed in front of her by Abraham at the airport ticket counter along with her passport. The tickets were returned to Abraham and the entertainers were given a "slip of paper" (but not the "ticket itself") admitting them to the airplane. The Court overruled Mrs. Ross' argument that she authorized no one to either accept delivery of a ticket for her or to bind her to any limitation of the carrier's liability, holding that, at 85 N.E.2d 884, 885:
The Warsaw Convention contains only three exclusions. The Treaty does not apply to claims for loss of mail (Article 2), and it does not apply to transportation performed by the United States (49 U.S.Stat. at L. p. 3013). Clearly, neither of these exceptions is applicable here.
The third exclusion is found in Article 34, which provides that:
Thus, Article 34 applies in only two instances: (1) to "transportation by air performed by way of experimental trial by air navigation enterprises with the view to the establishment of regular lines of air navigation"; and (2) to "transportation performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an air carrier's business".
Clearly, the first exception is not applicable here.
The second exception provided by Article 34 itself contains two essential qualifications: (a) "extraordinary circumstances", and (b) "outside the normal scope of an air carrier's business". As shown by plaintiffs' own allegations, neither essential existed here. There was nothing "extraordinary" about this flight, and it was in the normal scope of Air France's business.
Thus, it can be seen that Warsaw applies to "any" and "all" transportation by aircraft for hire between France and the United States, excepting only those three matters expressly excluded: (1) Damage to mail; (2) Transportation performed by the United States Government; and (3) Those situations specifically mentioned in Article 34. None of these exceptions is applicable here.
This Court holds that, under the factual situation in the cases at hand, where the Atlanta Art Association chartered an aircraft from Air France for the carriage of passengers on a specific flight from the United States, a High Contracting Party to the Warsaw Convention, to France, another High Contracting Party to the Warsaw Convention, with return to the United States; where Air France, the air carrier, owns, operates, and controls the aircraft and, prior to departure, delivers proper tickets to the passengers for their passage, the Warsaw Convention would be applicable, and the passenger or passengers would be entitled to the presumption of liability contained in the Warsaw Convention as against Air France, and Air France, the air carrier, would be entitled to the limitation of liability also contained in the Convention as against the passengers.
As set out in the opinion above, the clear applicability of the Warsaw Convention to the facts of the instant suits has been demonstrated by reference to the provisions of the Convention itself and the court decisions delaying with Warsaw. This Court concludes that the language contained in the Warsaw Convention is not ambiguous, and deems it unnecessary to resort to a discussion of the legislative history of the Treaty. See United States v. Shreveport Grain & Elevator Company, 287 U.S. 77, 53 S.Ct. 42, 77 L.Ed. 175; Hidalgo County Water Control and Improvement District v. Hedrick, 226 F.2d 1(10), (C.A.5, 1955).
Neither does the plaintiffs' contention that the Warsaw Convention is contrary to the state public policy of Georgia have merit. In the Indemnity Insurance
After finding the Convention itself to be applicable, the Court went on to hold the defense based on the contract limitations to be valid. Regarding the plaintiff's contention in that case that the contractual limitation of liability was ineffective, the Court held, at Page 340:
State public policy must bow to the overriding policy of the Treaty.
In Garcia v. Pan American Airways, Inc., 269 App.Div. 287, 55 N.Y.S.2d 317 (1945), aff'd. 295 N.Y. 852, 67 N.E.2d 257, cert. den. 329 U.S. 741, 67 S.Ct. 79, 91 L.Ed. 640, supra, the Court stated (55 N.Y.S.2d at page 321):
In Amaya v. Stanolind Oil & Gas Company, 158 F.2d 554 (C.A.5, 1946), cert. den. 331 U.S. 808, 67 S.Ct. 1191, 91 L.Ed. 1828, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated at Page 556 of 158 F.2d:
Georgia public policy does not control these actions. Federal public policy controls, and Federal public policy authorizes limitations of liability in international transportation by aircraft as shown by the United States' adherence to the Warsaw Convention. See J. B. Effenson Company v. Three Bays Corporation, 238 F.2d 611 (C.A.5, 1956). The decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in J. B. Effenson Company v.
Reasoning similar to that used by this Court of Appeals in Effenson v. Three Bays, supra, has been applied in a Warsaw-contract case. In DaCosta v. Caribbean International Airways, Limited, 4 CCH Avi. Cases, 17,792 (S.D.Fla., 1955), the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida had before it a case in which a decedent had been traveling between two points in the British West Indies. Although the transportation was not "international" within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention, the ticket used by the defendant air carrier contained a limitation of liability, "the same as that contained in the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, Commonly called the Warsaw Convention Treaty, 49 Stat. 3000". The carrier relied not on the Convention itself, but upon the limitation of liability provision in the ticket. There, as here, the plaintiffs had attacked the contract defense, arguing that state public policy would not permit the enforcement of such a contractual limitation. The defendant contended that the terms of the contract were the same as provided by the Warsaw Convention, which the United States had adopted, and that state public policy could not overrule a contract provision which was the same as that provided for by the Treaty. In its decision, the Court stated, at Page 17,794:
The Court went on to say that "the public policy of Florida is determined by the law of Florida and the Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States". Recognizing that the mere existence of the Warsaw Convention overruled traditional state public policy and created a public policy which allows, as to foreign air carriage, a limitation of liability in the amount of the Warsaw Convention, the Court held the contractual defense to be valid.
Even when Warsaw is not applicable directly, it establishes a Federal public policy which affects state public policy. It is not against U. S. public policy for parties to agree between themselves to be governed by the same terms as are provided for in U. S. law by the Warsaw Convention. The law of the United States (the Convention) permits air carriers engaged in international transportation to contract for limited liability. What the Treaty allows, state public policy cannot disallow. By the same token, it is not against U. S. public policy for France (the place of the accident) to have, and for this Court to give effect to, an applicable law (Law No. 57-259 of March 2, 1957) which provides the same limitation of liability as the Warsaw Convention. The law of France provides that the rules of the Warsaw Convention apply to all aviation accidents occurring in France. This French law limits the liability of the
For the reasons stated above, the plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment with respect to Air France's three separate and independent defenses — (1) the Warsaw Convention, (2) the contracts between the parties, and (3) the French law — is hereby denied. This partial summary judgment is to control the numbered cases listed in the footnote below.
FootNotes
Civil Action No. 8286 Civil Action No. 8305 Civil Action No. 8399
8287 8340 8401
8288 8341 8402
8289 8342 8403
8290 8343 8404
8291 8344 8405
8292 8345 8406
8293 8346 8407
8294 8347 8408
8295 8348 8409
8296 8398 8506
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