Writ of Certiorari Denied May 19, 1958. See 78 S.Ct. 997.
PER CURIAM.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed. Chief Judge Edgerton and Judges Bazelon, Fahy and Washington dissent.
Judges Prettyman and Burger file an opinion, prepared by them jointly. Four points are discussed, under separate headings I to IV. Chief Judge Edgerton and Judges Bazelon, Fahy and Washington agree with Point I of that opinion. They also agree with Point II, except that they are of the view the error of the District Court was reversible error. Judges Wilbur K. Miller, Danaher and Bastian concur on Points III and IV.
Judge Bastian files a separate opinion, in which Judge Wilbur K. Miller and Judge Danaher concur. Judge Bazelon, on behalf of himself, Chief Judge Edgerton and Judge Washington, files a dissenting opinion. Judge Fahy files a separate dissenting opinion.
PRETTYMAN and BURGER, Circuit Judges.
Appellant was indicted in December 1954 for robbery, grand larceny and unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. In a hearing conducted in February 1955 pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4244 (1952) it was determined that he was not mentally competent to stand trial; accordingly he was committed to an institution to remain in custody until he was competent to be tried.
Another hearing as to his competency was held in November 1955 and he was then judicially declared competent to be tried and was ordered to trial. On trial he pleaded not guilty and relied on a defense of insanity. The grand larceny charge was dismissed by the prosecution. The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to robbery and unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. He was duly sentenced and this appeal followed.
While the case was under consideration by a division of this court the full court voted for a re-hearing in banc.
Our present consideration is addressed to several issues which can be stated as follows:
1. In cases where the defense of insanity is asserted what, if anything, should the court instruct the jury about the consequences of a verdict of not
2. Is a trial judge prohibited in all cases from referring, either in the course of summarizing the evidence or in exercise of his power to comment on the evidence, to testimony that the accused is not presently suffering from a mental disorder?
3. May the trial judge admit in evidence on the issue of insanity under the Federal Shop Book Act a record of a psychiatric opinion that the accused was suffering from a mental disease or defect at a date prior to commission of the act?
4. When not objected to on trial or raised on appeal, is it reversible error under 18 U.S.C. § 4244 for the trial judge to permit the judicial finding of competency to stand trial to be read into the record as a counterbalance to defense counsel's introduction of an earlier finding that the accused was not competent to stand trial?
I
The judge told the jury:
This point arises under the doctrine, well established and sound, that the jury has no concern with the consequences of a verdict, either in the sentence, if any, or the nature or extent of it, or in probation. But we think that doctrine does not apply in the problem before us. The issue of insanity having been fairly raised, the jury may return one of three verdicts, guilty, not guilty, or not guilty by reason of insanity. Jurors, in common with people in general, are aware of the meanings of verdicts of guilty and not guilty. It is common knowledge that a verdict of not guilty means that the prisoner goes free and that a verdict of guilty means that he is subject to such punishment as the court may impose. But a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity has no such commonly understood meaning. As a matter of fact its meaning was not made clear in this jurisdiction until Congress enacted the statute of August 9, 1955.
We do not prescribe a form of instruction. We think a recitation of the statutory procedure in great detail, such as reading the entire section of the statute, would tend to increase confusion. We think that when the instruction is given the jury should simply be informed that a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity means that the accused will be confined in a hospital for the mentally ill until the superintendent has certified, and the court is satisfied, that such person has recovered his sanity and will not in the reasonable future be dangerous to himself or to others, in which event and at which time the court shall order his release either unconditionally or under such conditions as the court may see fit. We discussed this matter in Taylor v. United States, which was decided
Sometimes a defendant may not want such an instruction given. If that appears affirmatively on the record
The language used by the trial court in the present case is not as precise as it might have been in stating the content of the statute. But we think this failure is not error sufficient to require or justify reversal.
II
Having made to the jury the statement above quoted and discussed, the trial judge immediately said:
Dr. Cushard had so testified.
In a criminal case claims of insanity are possibly pertinent at three points of time, (1) the time of the offense, (2) the time of the trial, and (3) the time of possible release after acquittal by reason of insanity. These points of time may be widely separated. Three different questions are pertinent upon these three occasions. (1) As of the time of the offense the question is whether the accused had a mental disease or defect and whether his alleged criminal act was the product of such disease or defect. The basic concern of the law at that point is whether the accused was in such mental condition that he should be held responsible for his crime. This is a matter of evidence and a question to be decided by a jury, unless there is no real conflict in the evidence.
(2) As of the time of the trial the question, as prescribed by statute, is whether the accused is mentally competent to understand the nature of the charges against him and to assist in his defense. He may have a mental disease, and the mental disease may have been the cause of his criminal act, and he may be suffering from the same disease at the time of his trial; but it is a scientific fact that he nevertheless may be competent to stand trial under this definition of competency. A paranoiac or a pyromaniac may well understand the charges against him and be able to assist in his defense. "To assist in his defense" of
The jury has no concern with the accused's competency to stand trial. That question is solely for the judge. Evidence in respect to this defined competency is not admissible before the jury, because it is not relevant to any question which the jury has to decide. We repeat, for emphasis and lest we be misunderstood, that evidence as to insanity at any time — the present as well as any other — may be admitted in so far as it is relevant to the mental condition of the accused at the time of the offense; that is, where it is used by a witness as part of the data upon which he bases a conclusion as to mental condition at the time of the offense. What we are here saying is that the competency of the accused at the time of trial to understand the charges against him and to assist in his defense is a legal question for the judge, not for the jury, evidence in respect to that question is inadmissible, and the judge must not comment on that subject to the jury.
(3) As of the time of proposed or potential release from commitment the question is whether the accused has regained his sanity and whether he will in the reasonable future be dangerous to himself or others. That determination is confided by the statute
This third question is different from the question of mental responsibility for the alleged criminal act and from the question of mental competency to stand trial. It involves the possible danger attending the release of the accused. The jury upon the trial has no concern with the mental state of the accused at some future time, or with what the superintendent of the hospital may some day certify, or with what the court may thereafter find. These questions are in the future and cannot be determined as of the time of trial. They are by statute for the court and the superintendent, not for a jury — a fortiori not for the jury in the box at the trial for the offense. The jury is entitled to know, as we have said, the legal significance of a verdict they are called upon to consider as part of their duty at the trial. They have no concern with a factual situation which may or may not develop in any one of many possible combinations of circumstances after their duties have been discharged and they are gone from the case. Evidence in respect to what the situation might be when in the future the problem of release from commitment arises is inadmissible at the trial. Evidence as to present mental disease may, as we have already twice said, be relevant and material to the problem of mental disease at the time of the offense, and it is admissible for that purpose. But such evidence is not admissible for the purpose of attempting to show the probable mental condition of the accused at some future time of possible release.
From the foregoing it necessarily follows that, if the judge submits to the jury the question of probable release of the accused at some future date, submits evidence to them upon that point, or comments to them respecting the speculative possibilities in that regard, he commits error.
In the case at bar the remark of the judge was a single sentence in the middle of a long charge. Moreover the court did not relate the remark of the doctor to the time of the trial or to any possible future time. The judge said that "on a prior occasion" the doctor found no mental disorder in the defendant; he did not identify the time of the prior occasion. No objection was made to the charge as given although prior notice of intention to object had been given. It seems to us that, in view of
III
This court in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 79 U.S.App.D.C. 66, 147 F.2d 297 (1944), following the great weight of authority in federal courts (and in state courts with similar statutes), held that the written record of an expert medical opinion as to a psychiatric disorder is not admissible under the Federal Shop Book Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1732 (1952).
In the present case the defense sought to buttress its evidence on the appellant's asserted insanity by offering to show a "pattern" of mental disease. Such a "pattern" could, of course, be shown by conventional evidence by witnesses having knowledge of the facts as to his conduct, prior medical diagnosis and treatment. But the admission of a written opinion of a psychiatrist only by the naked record of his recorded conclusions, without his being present and with no opportunity to cross-examine as to the foundation for the opinion, is plainly not warranted by the language or the history of the Federal Shop Book Act. Indeed, the very line of demarcation is the distinction between the reasonable reliability of recorded facts on the one hand, and controversial technical opinions on the other. The difference between a "fact" (such as an act, transaction, occurrence or event) and an "opinion" is one of the fundamental differences in the law of evidence. A fact can be testified to by any witness, but, with a few exceptions, an opinion can be given in evidence only by an expert, and the qualifications as an expert and reasons for his opinion are part of the premise for allowing him to testify. The Shop Book Act deals essentially with facts. The dissenting comments concerning admissibility of autopsy reports or bacteriological slides are not relevant, since they are records of observed physical conditions, not opinions.
To submit to a jury a written notation of a medical opinion upon a complex and difficult matter, without presentation of any witness and without cross examination of the author of the opinion, would be to submit as a fact the medical conclusion of a doctor without inquiry, showing, or cross examination as to his qualifications, the data upon which he rested his opinion, or the reasoning by which he reached his conclusion. That is the vice of submitting to a jury, without a witness, hospital notations of mere opinion. Gross injustice and error could easily ensue from such a course.
The District Court correctly excluded the records of prior psychiatric opinions concerning the appellant.
IV
The trial court permitted government counsel to read to the jury the order in which the court had made its finding that the defendant was competent to
The pertinent part of that section reads as follows:
The ruling of the trial court, standing alone and stripped of its setting, was error. It arose when counsel for the accused as a matter of trial strategy offered in evidence a February 1955 order of the District Court adjudicating the accused incompetent to stand trial, which was admitted. In rebuttal the Government offered a later District Court order, dated November 1955, finding competency. The defense did not object, and the order was admitted. Thus in the circumstances of this case the accused gained a valuable point since his defense was insanity at the time of the offense. The order of incompetency was nearer the time of the offense than was the order of competency, and so the defense, by offering the earlier order and not objecting to the later one, laid a vivid basis for the view that the obvious competency of the accused in the courtroom standing trial was a late development, occurring, according to the face of the record, long after the offense. It seems to us that under these peculiar circumstances the ruling of the trial court was not prejudicial error. The statutory proscription against advising the jury about an order of competency is for the benefit of the accused, to prevent his defense of insanity from going to the jury accompanied by the impact of a formal court finding that he was later competent. But in the present state of the law there is no barrier to a waiver of the benefit thus bestowed upon him especially where it is a calculated maneuver.
The judgment of the District Court is
Affirmed.
BASTIAN, Circuit Judge, with whom WILBUR K. MILLER and DANAHER, Circuit Judges, join, concurring in the result.
I am unable to agree with all that has been written by my brothers Prettyman and Burger in their opinion, although I agree that the judgment of conviction should be affirmed. With much (Points III and IV), as will be seen, I do agree.
I
It seems to me unwise and unnecessary that a jury be told the result of their verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity." In Federal courts, as at common law, the jury are not told the quantum of punishment which may be meted out if they convict,
The issue of insanity, fairly raised, does no more than present another factual question to the jury: whether the defendant was mentally responsible when the criminal act was done. That issue also should be determined on the basis of the evidence only and, in deciding it, the jury should not be influenced by a consideration of the result of an acquittal by reason of insanity; that is an extraneous consideration wholly unconnected with the evidence from which the jury must reach a determination of the factual issue raised concerning the defendant's mental condition.
In short, the jury should be told nothing as to how the defendant will be dealt with in case of acquittal by reason of insanity. But the majority of the court require that an instruction be given as to the consequences of such a verdict, unless the defendant does not want it. In giving the instruction, I think the trial judge should first caution that the jury's verdict should not be influenced by consideration as to what follows from a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. Thereupon, having made clear that the defendant has requested the instructions, the judge should inform the jury that two possible courses have been prescribed.
The statute first requires that one acquitted by reason of insanity shall be ordered confined in a hospital for the mentally ill. The statute next requires that any person who was so confined must be released if the superintendent of the hospital shall certify, and the court shall thereafter judicially determine, that such person has recovered his sanity and will not in the reasonable future be dangerous, because of some mental disease or mental defect, either to himself or to others. Although, as I have already indicated, I am of the opinion that the jury should not be told anything as to the consequences of such a verdict, since a majority of the court now hold that such an instruction should be given unless the defendant does not want it, I fully agree with Judges Prettyman and Burger that the instruction, when given, should tell the jury the entire impact of the statute, i. e., that release, either with or without conditions, is mandatory as soon as the defendant has recovered and is no longer dangerous. This phase of their holding repairs what I have regarded as a critical inadequacy of the so-called Taylor
Moreover, it should not be forgotten, the statute affords such a person the benefit of a writ of habeas corpus at all times to protect him against illegal confinement.
II
I think there was no error in the comment of the trial judge, in his charge, as to Dr. Cushard's testimony or in the context in which it was used. I agree that no substantial rights of the appellant were affected.
III
I agree that we should reiterate our view as expressed in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 1945, 79 U.S.App.D.C. 66, 147 F.2d 297, approved in Washington Coca-Cola Bottling Works v. Tawney, 1956, 98 U.S.App.D.C. 151, 233 F.2d 353, and for the reasons expressed in the Prettyman-Burger opinion.
IV
I further agree that we should not reverse this case because of the supposed error of the trial court in reading to the jury the order in which the court had made a finding that the defendant was competent to stand trial — not only because of the circumstances in which it was presented to the jury, but because no objection was made to the court's action. Only in exceptional cases (and this is not one) should we reverse a case in the absence of objection duly made.
BAZELON, Circuit Judge, with whom Chief Judge EDGERTON and Judge WASHINGTON join, dissenting:
As to Point I
The false assumption that acquittal by reason of insanity, like outright acquittal, frees the accused to walk out on the streets may lead juries to convict, despite strong evidence of insanity at the time of the crime. See Durham v. United States, 1956, 99 U.S.App.D.C. 132, 237 F.2d 760. It was to obviate this danger that the court established the Taylor rule.
As to Point II
I agree with Judges Prettyman and Burger that the trial judge committed error when, after correctly charging the jury that acquittal by reason of insanity would result in appellant being committed to St. Elizabeths Hospital until restored to sanity and deemed safe to be released, he tacked on the statement, "I think I should add that Dr. Cushard of St. Elizabeths Hospital testified, as you will recall, that on a prior occasion he found no mental disorder whatever in the defendant, and that the defendant was a man of average intelligence." But I think the error requires reversal.
The effect of the judge's statement was to suggest to the jury that appellant would shortly be released if they found him not guilty by reason of insanity and to invite them to base their judgment upon that consideration rather than upon the evidence. And this effect was not accidental. It was exactly what the judge intended his statement to accomplish. Thus, when he agreed to give the jury the Taylor instruction, he said: "I think I would be less than candid with the jury and not quite fair to the jury if I would not supplement the statement by saying that apparently the St. Elizabeths doctors consider him sane now." Upon defense objection to such supplementation, the judge gave counsel a choice of the supplemented instruction or none at all. So both the purpose and effect of the erroneous instruction were to deprive of significance the instruction which, in Point I of their opinion, my brothers rightly find so important. The error "goes far to deprive the insanity defense of any real meaning as a jury issue." Durham v. United States, 99 U.S.App.D.C. at page 134, 237 F.2d at page 762.
In connection with Point II, two additional matters require some comment.
1. From the fact that the accused is on trial, the jury inevitably infers that he is at least sane enough to be tried. There is danger that they may leap from this inference to the conclusion that, if acquitted by reason of insanity and hospitalized, he would immediately be released. But, as my brothers show, qualification for release from a mental hospital is a different thing from competency to stand trial and evidence of present mental condition "is not admissible for the purpose of attempting to show the probable mental condition of the accused at some future time of possible release." I would, therefore, hold, where the defense of insanity is relied on, that the jury should be instructed, as a protective measure, that a person may be mentally competent to stand trial and yet suffering from such mental illness as to justify holding him under hospital restraint if
2. The trial judge referred to Dr. Cushard's testimony a second time in his summary of the evidence on the issue of appellant's mental condition at the time of the crime. Though Lyles' 1955 mental condition had some relevance to his condition at the time of the crime, the judge's summary of Dr. Cushard's testimony was improper because it was inaccurate.
Dr. Cushard's testimony was that, during Lyles' confinement at St. Elizabeths in 1955, he had been found to be "without mental disorder." But the court failed to advise the jury that Dr. Cushard also testified that Lyles suffered from "a personality disorder, specifically sociopathic personality disturbance * * * a newer term for what was formerly referred to as psychopathic personality." Since the witness did not explain the sense in which he used the words "mental," "personality," "disorder," and "disturbance," this testimony might have been understood in several ways: (1) he might have meant that, in his opinion, Lyles' psychopathic condition was not of such a type as to constitute a mental illness; or (2) he might have meant that, in his opinion, psychopathy is never a mental illness;
Whether psychopathy generally or of a particular type, constitutes a mental illness is properly the subject of expert opinion. It is for the jury to determine whether the psychopath suffers from such a mental disease or defect as to discharge him of criminal responsibility. Stewart v. United States, 1954, 94 U.S. App.D.C. 293, 295, 214 F.2d 879, 882.
As to Point III
The evidence shows that, some seven years before the alleged crime, appellant had been receiving electroshock treatments as a prisoner at the Virginia State Penitentiary and that, some ten or eleven years before that, he had been transferred from Leavenworth Penitentiary to the United States Hospital for Defective Delinquents at Springfield, Missouri, and there confined for two years. The records of the latter institution show that appellant was then suffering from schizophrenia. In an effort to establish a long-continuing state of mental illness, from which the jury might infer that he was mentally ill at the time of the crime, appellant sought to introduce the Springfield Hospital records to show the diagnosis of his illness as schizophrenia. The trial judge excluded the evidence upon the ground that, under New York Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 1944, 79 U.S.App. D.C. 66, 147 F.2d 297, he had "no choice in the matter." I agree with the majority that under New York Life the evidence was inadmissible. But I think that case is wrong and should be overruled. I further think that the evidence was clearly admissible under United States v. Balance, infra, which the majority has apparently not considered.
In holding, in New York Life, that records of diagnoses are inadmissible under the Federal Business Records Act,
Even before the enactment of the Federal Business Records Act, hospital records containing more than merely routine physical observations were admitted in evidence, either under the common law business entry exception to the hearsay rule
The rationale of the pre-Business Record Act cases is the same whether based upon the business entry exception or the public documents exception: the records are admissible because the circumstances under which they were prepared furnish an assurance of trustworthiness and minimize the need for cross-examination. In Professor Wigmore's phrase, in these cases "the test of cross-examination would be a work of supererogation."
The purpose of the Act was to obviate the necessity of identification of records by the persons making them, a task which was "exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, in the case of an institution employing a large bookkeeping staff * * *."
But the majority, in New York Life, noting that the Supreme Court, in Palmer v. Hoffman, 1943, 318 U.S. 109, 63 S.Ct. 477, 87 L.Ed. 645, had construed the statute to apply only to "routine reflections of day-to-day operations,"
Palmer v. Hoffman decided that a railroad employee's report of an accident was to be excluded because such reports "are not for the systematic conduct of the enterprise as a railroad business. * * * Their primary utility is in litigating, not in railroading."
There is nothing in Palmer v. Hoffman to impel a holding that the Act is inapplicable to hospital records in general and certainly nothing to dictate the course we took in New York Life of excluding diagnostic records while indicating approval of clinical records.
Apart from New York Life, it has been the view of this court that records of medical "opinions" are no less admissible than records of medical observations. In Eureka-Maryland Assur. Co. v. Gray, 1941, 74 App.D.C. 191, 121 F.2d 104, for example, although we excluded certain hospital records as violating the doctor-patient privilege, we held admissible an autopsy report which was as much "opinion" as is a diagnosis. See, also, United States v. Balance, supra note 8. I see no greater risk in admitting records of opinions, where the circumstances assure a high degree of reliability, than in admitting records of facts. We are no less concerned that facts be reported truthfully and accurately than that opinions be well qualified and not lightly formed. In the case of testimonial evidence, our concern, in both instances, is set at rest by the device of cross-examination. Under the business entries exception
When we held bacteriological slides admissible in Wheeler v. United States, 1953, 93 U.S.App.D.C. 159, 163-164, 211 F.2d 19, 23, certiorari denied 1954, 347 U.S. 1019, 74 S.Ct. 876, 98 L.Ed. 1140, we concerned ourselves only with the self-contained limitations of § 1732(a). We said:
And to illustrate the scope of § 1732(a), we cited Moran v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co., 3 Cir., 1950, 183 F.2d 467, holding a report of the United States Bureau of Mines admissible under the statute on the ground that it was part of the business of the Bureau to make such reports. On the question of "opinion" records, the Third Circuit said in that case:
Another case we cited in Wheeler as admitting records "because they represent routine reflections of day-to-day operations"
And if records of diagnoses are admissible, I see no basis for drawing a distinction between diagnoses of mental illness and diagnoses of physical illness. The Seventh Circuit in Becker v. United States, 1944, 145 F.2d 171, admitted a record containing the diagnosis "Psychoneurosis, Hysteria."
By the same token, the jury is as competent to allow proper weight to medical opinion in the one field as in the other. For us to pick and choose among various diagnoses to determine which may go to the jury and which are so conjectural that they must first be subjected to the test of cross-examination would be to assume "an impossible role" and "one for which [we] have no special competence." 94 U.S.App.D.C. at page 238, 214 F.2d at page 872. The diagnostic terms employed in the records of mental hospitals are "abbreviations for sets of symptoms which are relatively standardized in medical literature and increasingly relied upon in practice."
The exclusionary rule laid down in New York Life was based in part upon a distrust of the recorded statements of mental patients made in the course of examination and treatment. The court said that "accounts of selected items from interviews with patients must be subject to the * * * safeguard" of cross-examination.
There is no substance in the fear expressed in New York Life that to construe § 1732(a) as authorizing the admission of records of patients' statements would leave "no logical escape" from admission of such undesirable hearsay as reports by newspapermen, poll-takers, statisticians and the like.
A careful re-examination of the problem of admissibility of hospital records under § 1732(a) convinces me that New York Life should no longer be followed insofar as it excludes regularly kept records of recognized institutions incorporating the observations, opinions and conclusions of qualified personnel and the statements of patients to doctors made in the course of examination and treatment. In proposing thus to alter the position of this court, I am moved, inter alia, by the fact that our New York Life decision has been followed by some other courts, sometimes with regrettable results.
As to Point IV
The clear mandate of 18 U.S.C. § 4244 is that the adjudication of competency to stand trial, which precedes the accused's trial, "shall not be introduced in evidence on [the issue of insanity as a defense to the crime charged] nor otherwise be brought to the notice of the jury." The trial judge in this case suggested to the prosecutor that he offer the adjudication in evidence. It was offered and received and was read to the jury. This violation of the statute is reversible error.
The majority opinion recognizes that the trial court's ruling, "standing alone and stripped of its setting, was error," but it finds in the circumstances of the case a waiver by the appellant from which it concludes that the error was not prejudicial. My reading of the record shows no waiver.
Appellant offered in evidence the February 28, 1955, adjudication that he was "presently insane and so mentally incompetent as to be unable to understand the proceedings against him, or properly to assist in his own defense * * *." The trial judge received it, but ruled, sua sponte, that he would also receive "as neutralizing this order," the subsequent adjudication of competency to
Even if the record supported a conclusion that appellant had waived the violation of § 4244, I would hold that the admission of the competency adjudication was reversible error. I do not think the accused can raise or lower this statutory bar at his will.
Society has as much interest as the accused in having the issue of criminal responsibility resolved in accordance with those procedures which, in the judgment of Congress, are most likely to produce the correct result. Congress did not provide that the accused should have a privilege against introduction of the order, or that the order should be admissible if not objected to — it provided in unambiguous terms that the order "should not be introduced in evidence * * * nor otherwise be brought to the notice of the jury."
The majority opinion bases the waivability of the statutory proseription in large part upon the view that the competency report really benefits the accused. The theory seems to be that it is obvious to the jury that the accused is competent to stand trial, so that introducing
FAHY, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
I concur in Part I of the opinion of Judge Prettyman.
I also concur in that portion of Part II of his opinion which concludes it is error for the trial judge, in advising the jury of the consequence of an acquittal by reason of insanity, to submit to the jury the question of probable release of the accused at some future date or to submit evidence to them on that point. But I think the error in the present case in this respect was not harmless and is ground for reversal.
As to Part III I think the record of the United States Hospital for Defective Delinquents, indicating appellant was suffering from schizophrenia when confined there some years before the alleged crime, was sufficiently trustworthy in the circumstances of this case to be admissible on the defense of insanity. See United States v. Balance, 61 App.D.C. 226, 59 F.2d 1040. I so conclude even though the record be not considered a "record of any act, transaction, occurrence, or event," within the meaning of the Federal Business Records Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1732 (1952). It appears to have been made as a matter of routine by disinterested Government doctors. It follows that in my view New York Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 79 U.S.App.D.C. 66, 147 F.2d 297, does not control.
As to Part IV I dissent. As to this aspect of the case I agree with the analysis and conclusion of Judge Bazelon's dissent.
FootNotes
"* * * We found, at least in our opinion, he had what is known as a personality disorder, specifically, sociopathic personality disturbance.
"* * * Sociopathic personality is a newer term for what was formerly referred to as psychopathic personality."
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