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ALEXANDER v. UNITED STATES

No. 12081.

173 F.2d 865 (1949)

ALEXANDER v. UNITED STATES and nine other cases.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

As Amended on Denial of Rehearing April 12, 1949.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Gallagher, Margolis, McTernan & Tyre, Ben Margolis and John T. McTernan, all of Los Angeles, Cal., for appellants.

James M. Carter, U. S. Atty., of Los Angeles, Cal., and Max H. Goldschein, Frank De Nunzio and Vincent Russo, Sp. Assts. to the Atty. Gen., for appellee.

A. L. Wirin and Fred Okrand, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for American Civil Liberties Union, amicus curiae.

Daniel G. Marshall and Sam Houston Allen, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for Los Angeles and Hollywood-Beverly Hills Chapters National Lawyers' Guild, amicus curiae.

J. Bruce Fratis, George Olshausen and Benjamin Dreyfus, all of San Francisco Cal., for San Francisco Chapter National Lawyers' Guild, amicus curiae.

Before MATHEWS, STEPHENS, HEALY, BONE and ORR, Circuit Judges.

MATHEWS, Circuit Judge.

Called as witnesses before a grand jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, appellants refused to answer questions there propounded to them and persisted in such refusal after being ordered by the court to answer the questions. Thereupon civil contempt proceedings were instituted against them and, after a hearing, judgments were entered against them.

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