'Wise Latina' Fuels the Fire of New Haven Racial Preference Case

Though much has been made of the “wise Latina,” Judge Sonia Sotomayor’s record on race might prove to be less “activist” and more color-blind than previously thought. 

Sotomayor’s rulings seemingly diverge from her personal views on race and race-based preferences – with one glaring and highly publicized exception: Ricci v. DeStefano.

A few years ago, Sotomayor ruled against Frank Ricci, a white firefighter who alleged the city of New Haven, Conn., unfairly denied him a promotion based solely on race. In 2003, the city rejected promotion test results among a pool of 118 candidates, including Ricci, after none of the 27 black applicants scored high enough to qualify for one of the 15 open captain and lieutenant positions. Afterward, Ricci and 16 other white men and one Hispanic man sued the city for racial discrimination.

Ruling unanimously with the other two judges on the Second Circuit of Court of Appeals three years later, Sotomayor said the city had lawfully rejected the test results by invoking Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Under that federal law, governments may presume discrimination when tests disproportionately affect minorities.

In other words, if Sotomayor discriminated against white men, she was merely following federal law – the opposite of judicial activism.

But her critics haven’t taken comfort from that view of her record. Referring to her decision in Ricci, as well as her history of support for affirmative action programs, Rep. Tom Price, R-Ga., chairman of the Republican Study Committee, said, “Americans should be concerned that a nominee to our highest court has a record of being blinded by empathy for one group while endorsing discrimination against others.” 

The Supreme Court recently reversed Sotomayor’s decision in the firefighters case, holding that New Haven had not produced sufficient evidence to show that discarding the test results was the only way that it could have avoided the discriminatory result affecting black and Hispanic firefighters.

In other discrimination cases, Sotomayor has ruled at least partially in favor of defendants.  In Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, for example, she ruled against an African-American woman who brought charges of racial and gender discrimination against her employer. Sotomayor found that the employer did not treat white male employees more favorably than female minorities, and that the employer’s failure to promote the woman was based on her lack of qualifications – not her race or gender.

In race-related appeals cases, Sotomayor and fellow judges rejected discrimination claims the majority of the time. And when Sotomayor ruled in favor of plaintiffs alleging racial discrimination, the cases sometimes involved procedural grounds, insulating her now from charges of judicial activism.

While on the appeals court, Sotomayor dissented twice from panel decisions rejecting racial discrimination claims. In Gant v. Wallingford Board of Education, the judge ruled in favor of allowing a black kindergarten student to proceed with a case alleging discrimination in a school transfer.  In another case, Sotomayor ruled in favor of what could be called a white man’s right to hate speech.  In Pappas v. Giuliani, she disagreed with fellow judges that the New York Police Department could fire a white employee for distributing racist materials.

Sotomayor’s civil rights opinions in areas other than racial discrimination include N.G. v. Connecticut, which upheld Connecticut’s policy of subjecting girls in juvenile detention to strip searches at the time of their initial placement in detention.

While acknowledging that the state had a legitimate interest in uncovering contraband or detecting child abuse, Sotomayor in her dissent from the majority’s decision wrote that these interests did not justify such degrading and intrusive treatment of the girls, especially because most of them “have been victims of abuse or neglect, and may be more vulnerable mentally and emotionally than other youths their age."

How Sotomayor will vote on race as a Supreme Court justice remains a mystery, but her record at least supports a claim that she has a streak of fairness and a respect for the rule of law.

 

Judge Sonia Sotomayor

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D

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F

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G

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H

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I

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In Re Adelphia Communications Corp., 327 B.R. 143 (2005)

In Re Adelphia Communications Corp., 327 B.R. 175 (2005)

In Re Adelphia Communications Corp., 368 B.R. 140 (2007)

In Re Adelphia Communications Corporation, No. 07-2604-Bk., Decided: September 24, 2008.

In Re Air Crash Off Long Island, New York, 209 F.3d 200 (2000)

In Re American Express Merchants' Litigation, No. 06-1871-Cv, Decided: January 30, 2009.

In Re Bd. of Directors of Telecom Argentina, S.A., 528 F.3d 162 (2008)

In Re Benedict, 90 F.3d 50 (1996)

In Re Bethlehem Steel Corp., 479 F.3d 168 (2007)

In Re Canney, 284 F.3d 362 (2002)

In Re Cbi Holding Co., Inc., 529 F.3d 432 (2008)

In Re Certain Underwriter, 294 F.3d 297 (2002)

In Re Dawnwood Properties/78, 209 F.3d 114 (2000)

In Re Detrano, 326 F.3d 319 (2003)

In Re Duplan Corp., 212 F.3d 144 (2000)

In Re Friedman & Shapiro, P.C., 185 B.R. 143 (1995)

In Re Grand Jury Subpoenas Dated Mar and Aug 2002, 318 F.3d 379 (2003)

In Re Harris, 464 F.3d 263 (2006)

In Re Initial Public Offering Securities Litigation, 471 F.3d 24 (2006)

In Re Initial Public Offering Securities Lit., 471 F.3d 24 (2006)

In Re Initial Public Offering Securities Lit., 483 F.3d 70 (2007)

In Re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 184 B.R. 648 (1995)

In Re Ishihara Chemical Co., 251 F.3d 120 (2001)

In Re Island Helicopters, Inc., 211 B.R. 453 (1997)

In Re Literary Works In Electronic Databases, 509 F.3d 116 (2007)

In Re Maddigan, 312 F.3d 589 (2002)

In Re Magnetic Audiotape Antitrust Litigation, 334 F.3d 204 (2003)

In Re McCrory Corp., 210 B.R. 934 (1997)

In Re Millenium Seacarriers, Inc., 419 F.3d 83 (2005)

In Re N2k Inc. Securities Litigation, 202 F.3d 81 (2000)

In Re New Haven Products Ltd. Liability Co., 225 F.3d 283 (2000)

In Re Nortel Networks Corp. Securities Litigation, No. 07-0757-Cv., Decided: August 19, 2008.

In Re Nyse Specialists Securities Litigation, 503 F.3d 89 (2007)

In Re Refco Inc., 505 F.3d 109 (2007)

In Re Remsen Partners Ltd., 294 B.R. 557 (2002)

In Re Seatrain Lines, Inc.198 B.R. 45 (1996)

In Re St. Johnsbury Trucking Co., Inc., 191 B.R. 22 (1996)

In Re St. Johnsbury Trucking Co., Inc., 199 B.R. 84 (1996)

In Re Subpoena Issued To Dennis Friedman, 350 F.3d 65 (2003)

In Re Thomas and Agnes Carvel Foundation, 36 F.Supp.2d 144 (1999)

In Re Treco, 240 F.3d 148 (2001)

In Re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d 631 (1999)

In Re Vebeliunas, 332 F.3d 85 (2003)

In Re Victory Markets, Inc.196,  B.R. 6 (1996)

In Re Visa Check/Mastermoney Antitrust Litigation, 280 F.3d 124 (2001)

In Re Wechsler, 246 B.R. 490 (2000)

In Re Worldcom, Inc., No. 06-2079-Bk., Decided: October 14, 2008.

In Re World Trade Center Disaster Site Litigation, 503 F.3d 167 (2007)

In Re World Trade Center Disaster Site Litigation, 521 F.3d 169 (2008)

In Re W.R. Huff Asset Management Co., LLC, 409 F.3d 555 (2005)

Iouri v. Ashcroft, 464 F.3d 172 (2006)

Iouri v. Ashcroft, 487 F.3d 76 (2007)

Iragorri v. United Technologies Corp., 274 F.3d 65 (2001)

Iridium Operating LLC v. Official Committee, 478 F.3d 452 (2007)

Ish Yerushalayim v. U.S., 374 F.3d 89 (2004)

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J

Jackson v. Johnson, 15 F.Supp.2d 341 (1998)

Jacobs v. Patent Enforcement Fund, Inc., 230 F.3d 565 (2000)

Jaegly v. Couch, 439 F.3d 149 (2006)

Jaguar Cars, Ltd. v. Nat. Football League, 886 F.Supp. 335 (1995)

Jalloh v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 148 (2007)

James v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 250 (2008)

Janis v. C.I.R., 469 F.3d 256 (2006)

Janis v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 469 F.3d 256 (2006)

Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 283 F.3d 33 (2002)

Jasinski v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 182 (2003)

J.D. Cousins & Sons v. Hartford Steam Boiler, 341 F.3d 149 (2003)

Jeffreys v. City of New York, 426 F.3d 549 (2005)

Jessica Howard Ltd. v. Norfolk Southern R.R. Co., 316 F.3d 165 (2003)

Jiang v. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 520 F.3d 132 (2008)

Jiminian v. Nash, 245 F.3d 144 (2001)

Jlm Industries, Inc. v. Stolt-Nielsen Sa, 387 F.3d 163 (2004)

Jocks v. Tavernier, 316 F.3d 128 (2003)

Johnson v. Morgenthau, 160 F.3d 897 (1998)

John Doe Inc. v. Mukasey, No. 07-4943-Cv., Decided: December 15, 2008.

Jones v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 358 F.3d 205 (2004)

Jorge-Tzoc v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 146 (2006)

Joyce v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 171 F.3d 130 (1999)

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K

Kalkouli v. Ashcroft, 282 F.3d 202 (2002)

Kalwasinski v. Morse, 201 F.3d 103 (1999)

Karabu Corp. v. Gitner, 16 F.Supp.2d 319 (1998)

Karaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 113 (2006)

Karpova v. Snow, 497 F.3d 262 (2007)

Katz v. Feinberg, 290 F.3d 95 (2002)

Kavowras v. New York Times Co., 328 F.3d 50 (2003)

Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611 (2000)

Kellogg v. Strack, 269 F.3d 100 (2001)

Kelsey v. County of Schoharie, No. 07-0893-Cv., Decided: May 22, 2009.

Kensington Intern. Ltd. v. Republic of Congo, 461 F.3d 238 (2006)

Kern v. Siemens Corp., 393 F.3d 120 (2004)

King v. American Airlines, Inc., 284 F.3d 352 (2002)

King v. First American Investigations, Inc., 287 F.3d 91 (2002)

Kinstler v. First Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 181 F.3d 243 (1999)

Knickerbocker v. Artuz, 271 F.3d 35 (2001)

Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda (New York) Ltd., 229 F.3d 187 (2000)

Kohler v. Astrue, No. 06-5332-Cv., Decided: October 16, 2008.

Kraham v. Lippman, 478 F.3d 502 (2007)

Krantz v. U.S., 224 F.3d 125 (2000)

Krimstock v. Kelly, 306 F.3d 40 (2002)

Krueger Intern., Inc. v. Nightingale Inc., 915 F.Supp. 595 (1996)

Kuntz v. Pardo, 160 B.R. 35 (1993)

 

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L

Lainfiesta v. Artuz, 253 F.3d 151 (2001)

Lai v. New York City Government, 163 F.3d 729 (1998)

Lamar Advertising of Penn v. Town of Orchard Park, 356 F.3d 365 (2004)

Lanahan v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York, 15 F.Supp.2d 381 (1998)

Landell v. Sorrell, 406 F.3d 159 (2005)

Landscape Forms, Inc. v. Columbia Cascade Co., 113 F.3d 373 (1997)

Langman Fabrics v. Graff Californiawear, 160 F.3d 106 (1998)

Lasorsa v. Menifee, 10 F.Supp.2d 316 (1998)

Lasorsa v. Spears, 2 F.Supp.2d 550 (1998)

Lavin v. U.S., 299 F.3d 123 (2002)

Layaou v. Xerox Corp., 238 F.3d 205 (2001)

Leboeuf, Lamb, Greene & Macrae, L.L.P. v. Worsham, 185 F.3d 61 (1999)

Lebron v. Sanders, No. 08-2054-Pr., Motions Decided: January 26, 2009.

Lebron v. Sanders, No. 08-2054-Pr, Amended: February 19, 2009.

Lee v. Coughlin, 902 F.Supp. 424 (1995)

Lee v. Coughlin, 914 F.Supp. 1004 (1996)

Lee v. Coughlin, 26 F.Supp.2d 615 (1998)

Leka v. Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89 (2001)

Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 396 F.3d 161 (2005)

Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A., 318 F.3d 113 (2003)

Leslie v. Artuz, 230 F.3d 25 (2000)

Leventhal v. Knapek, 266 F.3d 64 (2001)

Levitin v. Homburger, 932 F.Supp. 508 (1996)

Liao v. Holder, No. 07-3146-Ag., Decided: March 4, 2009.

Ling Yang v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 278 (2008)

Lin v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 127 (2006)

Lin v. Mukasey, No. 05-6035-Ag., Last Supplemental Brief Filed: March 21, 2008.

Lin v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 473 F.3d 48 (2007)

Littlejohn v. Artuz, 271 F.3d 360 (2001)

Li v. Mukasey, No. 07-5380-Ag Nac., September 5, 2008.

LNC Investments v. First Fidelity Bank, N.A. N.J., 173 F.3d 454 (1999)

LNC Investments v. National Westminster Bank, N.J., 308 F.3d 169 (2002)

Locurto v. Giuliani, 447 F.3d 159 (2006)

Loliscio v. Goord, 263 F.3d 178 (2001)

Loria v. Gorman, 306 F.3d 1271 (2002)

Loyal Tire & Auto Center, Inc. v. Town of Woodbury, 445 F.3d 136 (2006)

L.R. Levy v. United States General Accounting Office, 175 F.3d 254 (1999)

Lucaj v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 203 (2005)

Lucidore v. New York State Div. of Parole, 209 F.3d 107 (2000)

Lugo v. Chater, 932 F.Supp. 497 (1996)

Lyndonville Sav. Bank & Trust Co. v. Lussier, 211 F.3d 697 (2000)

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M

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Malesko v. Correctional Services Corp., 229 F.3d 374 (2000)

Maloney v. Cuomo, No. 07-0581-Cv., Decided: January 28, 2009.

Mangiafico v. Blumenthal, 471 F.3d 391 (2006)

Mangiafico v. Blumenthal, 471 F.3d 391 (2006)

Manzur v. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Sec., 494 F.3d 281 (2007)

Mapp v. Reno, 241 F.3d 221 (2001)

Marcella v. Capital Dist. Physicians', 293 F.3d 42 (2002)

Marmolejo v. U.S., 196 F.3d 377 (1999)

Martens v. Thomann, 273 F.3d 159 (2001)

Martinez v. Port Authority of NY & NJ, 445 F.3d 158 (2006)

Marvin v. Goord, 255 F.3d 40 (2001)

Mascarella v. Brown, 813 F.Supp. 1015 (1993)

Maska U.S., Inc. v. Kansa General Ins. Co., 198 F.3d 74 (1999)

Mask v. McGinnis, 252 F.3d 85 (2001)

Mattel, Inc. v. Barbie-Club.Com, 310 F.3d 293 (2002)

Matter of Coastal Shipping and Southern Petroleum, 812 F.Supp. 396 (1993)

Matthews v. Leboeuf, Lamb, Greene & Macrae, 902 F.Supp. 26 (1995)

Matthew Bender & Co., Inc. v. West Pub. Co., 158 F.3d 693 (1998)

Matthew Bender & Co., Inc. v. West Pub. Co., 240 F.3d 116 (2001)

Mauro v. Southern New England Telecomms., Inc., 208 F.3d 384 (2000)

Maxwell v. City of New York, 380 F.3d 106 (2004)

McAllister v. New York City Police Dept., 49 F.Supp.2d 688 (1999)

McGinty v. New York, 251 F.3d 84 (2001)

McNeil v. Aguilos, 820 F.Supp. 77 (1993)

McNeil v. Aguilos, 831 F.Supp. 1079 (1993)

Meckenberg v. New York City Off-Track Betting, 42 F.Supp.2d 359 (1999)

Mei Juan Zheng v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 176 (2008)

Meloff v. New York Life Ins. Co., 240 F.3d 138 (2001)

Mendez v. Holder, No. 06-0032-Ag., Decided: May 8, 2009.

Mendez v. Mukasey, 525 F.3d 216 (2008)

Mendis v. Filip, No. 07-5768-Ag., Decided: January 30, 2009.

Mermelstein v. Maki, 830 F.Supp. 180 (1993)

Mermelstein v. Maki, 830 F.Supp. 184 (1993)

Merritt v. Shuttle, Inc., 187 F.3d 263 (1999)

Merritt v. Shuttle, Inc., 245 F.3d 182 (2001)

Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Bigelow, 283 F.3d 436 (2002)

Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Jackson, 896 F.Supp. 318 (1995)

Mg Refining & Marketing v. Knight Enterprises, 25 F.Supp.2d 175 (1998)

Michel v. INS, 206 F.3d 253 (2000)

Mid-Hudson Catskill Ministry v. Fine Host, 418 F.3d 168 (2005)

Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, L.L.P., 321 F.3d 292 (2003)

Mirzoyan v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 217 (2006)

Mitskovski v. Buffalo, Ft Erie, Bridge Auth, 435 F.3d 127 (2006)

Modeste v. Local 1199, 850 F.Supp. 1156 (1994)

Modeste v. Local 1199, Drug, Hospital and Health Care Employees Union, Rwdsu, Afl-Cio, 38 F.3d 626 (1994)

Montero v. Travis, 171 F.3d 757 (1999)

Moore v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., 409 F.3d 506 (2005)

Moore v. Painewebber, Inc., 306 F.3d 1247 (2002)

Morgan v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 549 (2006)

Motorola Credit Corp. v. Uzan, 509 F.3d 74 (2007)

Mowers v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 204 F.3d 372 (2000)

Mr. L. v. Sloan, 449 F.3d 405 (2006)

M.S. Ex Rel. S.S. v. Board of Educ. of Yonkers, 231 F.3d 96 (2000)

Mtb Bank v. Federal Armored Exp., Inc., 175 F.3d 283 (1999)

Muntaqim v. Coombe, 385 F.3d 793 (2004)

Muntaqim v. Coombe, 449 F.3d 371 (2006)

Murphy v. Arlington Cent. School, 297 F.3d 195 (2002)

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N

Nadel v. Isaksson, 321 F.3d 266 (2003)

Nadel v. Play-By-Play Toys & Novelies, Inc., 208 F.3d 368 (2000)

National Communications Ass'n Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 238 F.3d 124 (2001)

National Elec. Mfrs. Ass'n v. Sorrell, 272 F.3d 104 (2001)

National Helicopter Corp. v. City of New York, 137 F.3d 81 (1998)

National Loan Investors L.P. v. Town of Orange, 204 F.3d 407 (2000)

Natural Organics v. Nutraceutical Corp., 426 F.3d 576 (2005)

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Abraham, 355 F.3d 179 (2004)

Neilson v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 199 F.3d 642 (1999)

New York Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau, 528 F.3d 122 (2008)

New York State Law Officers Union v. Andreucci, 433 F.3d 320 (2006)

New York State Restaurant Association v. New York City Board of Health, No. 08-1892-Cv., Decided: February 17, 2009.

New York v. National Service Industries, Inc., 460 F.3d 201 (2006)

Nellis v. Shugrue, 165 B.R. 115 (1994)

New York v. Tanella, 374 F.3d 141 (2004)

N.G. v. Connecticut, 382 F.3d 225 (2004)

N.L.R.B. v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Buffalo, 191 F.3d 316 (1999)

Norani v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 292 (2006)

Northfield Ins. Co. v. Derma Clinic, Inc., 440 F.3d 86 (2006)

North River Ins. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 866 F.Supp. 123 (1994)

Norville v. Staten Island University Hosp., 196 F.3d 89 (1999)

Nuwesra v. Merrill Lynch, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 174 F.3d 87 (1999)

Nwogu v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d 80 (2007)

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O

Official Committee v. Coopers & Lybrand, 322 F.3d 147 (2003)

Ofosu v. McElroy, 98 F.3d 694 (1996)

Ofosu v. McElroy, 933 F.Supp. 237 (1995)

Okunieff v. Rosenberg, 166 F.3d 507 (1999)

Okwedy v. Molinari, 333 F.3d 339 (2003)

Oliveira v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 251 F.3d 56 (2001)

Olivier v. Robert L. Yeager Mental Health Center, 398 F.3d 183 (2005)

O'mara v. Town of Wappinger, 485 F.3d 693 (2007)

O'mara v. Town of Wappinger, 518 F.3d 151 (2008)

Oppenheimer & Co., Inc. v. Neidhardt, 56 F.3d 352 (1995)

Ortiz-Del Valle v. N.B.A., 190 F.3d 598 (1999)

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P

Palace Exploration Co. v. Petroleum Development, 41 F.Supp.2d 427 (1998)

Palazzo Ex Rel Delmage v. Corio, 232 F.3d 38 (2000)

Palmieri v. Allstate Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 179 (2006)

Panetta v. Crowley, 460 F.3d 388 (2006)

Panos v. Island Gem Enterprises, Ltd., N.V., 880 F.Supp. 169 (1995)

Papineau v. Parmley, 465 F.3d 46 (2006)

Pappas v. Giuliani, 290 F.3d 143 (2002)

Parker v. Columbia Pictures Industries, 204 F.3d 326 (2000)

Parrot v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 338 F.3d 140 (2003)

Patricia Hayes Associates v. Cammell Laird Holding, 339 F.3d 76 (2003)

Patterson v. City of Utica, 370 F.3d 322 (2004)

Paul v. INS, 348 F.3d 43 (2003)

Peck v. Public Service Mut. Ins. Co., 326 F.3d 330 (2003)

Pedre Co., Inc. v. Robins, 901 F.Supp. 660 (1995)

Peer Intern. Corp. v. Luna Records, Inc., 887 F.Supp. 560 (1995)

Pennecom B.V. v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 372 F.3d 488 (2004)

Perez v. Metropolitan Correctional Center Warden, 5 F.Supp.2d 208 (1998)

Petition of Treco, 205 B.R. 358 (1997)

Pham v. U.S., 317 F.3d 178 (2003)

Phaneuf v. Fraikin, 448 F.3d 591 (2006)

Phoenix Aktiengesellschaft v. Ecoplas, Inc., 391 F.3d 433 (2004)

Phoenix Global Ventures v. Phoenix Hotel Assoc., 422 F.3d 72 (2005)

Photopaint Technologies LLC v. Smartlens Corp., 335 F.3d 152 (2003)

Pike v. Freeman, 266 F.3d 78 (2001)

Ping He (Hai Nam) Co. v. Nonferrous Metals, 22 F.Supp.2d 94 (1998)

Pinnacle Consultants, Ltd. v. Leucadia Nat. Corp., 101 F.3d 900 (1996)

Pinnacle Consultants, Ltd. v. Leucadia Nat. Corp., 923 F.Supp. 439 (1995)

Playtex Products, Inc. v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 390 F.3d 158 (2004)

Plitman v. Leibowitz, 990 F.Supp. 336 (1998)

Policano v. Herbert, 453 F.3d 79 (2006)

Porter v. Coughlin, 421 F.3d 141 (2005)

Port Wash. Teachers' v. Bd. of Educ. Port Wash., 478 F.3d 494 (2007)

Prazak v. Local 1 Intern. Union of Bricklayers, 233 F.3d 1149 (2000)

Presley v. U.S. Postal Service, 317 F.3d 167 (2003)

Press v. Quick & Reilly, Inc., 218 F.3d 121 (2000)

PRL USA Holdings, Inc. v. U.S. Polo Ass'n, Inc., 520 F.3d 109 (2008)

Protection & Advocacy v. Mental Health & Addiction, 448 F.3d 119 (2006)

Pulvers v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 210 F.3d 89 (2000)

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Q

Queenie, Ltd. v. Nygard Intern., 321 F.3d 282 (2003)

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R

Raila v. U.S., 355 F.3d 118 (2004)

Ramey v. District 141, Intern. Ass'n of Machinists, 378 F.3d 269 (2004)

Ramirez v. Attorney General of State of New York, 280 F.3d 87 (2001)

Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169 (2004)

Raniola v. Bratton, 243 F.3d 610 (2001)

Rashid v. Khulmann, 991 F.Supp. 254 (1998)

Rationis Enter. v. Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, 426 F.3d 580 (2005)

Ratliff v. Davis Polk & Wardwell, 354 F.3d 165 (2003)

Realite v. Ark Restaurants Corp., 7 F.Supp.2d 303 (1998)

Red Ball Interior Demolition Corp. v. Palmadessa, 173 F.3d 481 (1999)

Reed Intern. Trading Corp. v. Donau Bank Ag, 866 F.Supp. 750 (1994)

Refac Intern. v. Lotus Development Corp., 887 F.Supp. 539 (1995)

Reiss v. Steigrod, 866 F.Supp. 747 (1994)

Republic Nat. Bank of N.Y. v. Delta Air Lines, 263 F.3d 42 (2001)

Reuland v. Hynes, 460 F.3d 409 (2006)

Reyes v. Koehler, 815 F.Supp. 109 (1993)

Ricci v. DeStefano, 530 F.3d 87 (2008)

Ricci v. DeStefano, 530 F.3d 88 (2008)

Richardson v. Goord, 347 F.3d 431 (2003)

Richards v. Ashcroft, 400 F.3d 125 (2005)

Rivera-Powell v. New York City Bd. of Elections, 470 F.3d 458 (2006)

Riverkeeper, Inc. v. U.S. EPA, 475 F.3d 83 (2007)

Rivers v. McLeod, 252 F.3d 99 (2001)

Rivkin v. Century 21 Teran Realty LLC, 494 F.3d 99 (2007)

Rivkin v. Century 21 Teran Realty LLC, No. 05-6566-Cv., Question Answered By New York Court of Appeals: April 24, 2008.

Roach v. Morse, 440 F.3d 53 (2006)

Robinson v. Government of Malaysia, 269 F.3d 133 (2001)

Rodal v. Anesthesia Group of Onondaga, P.C., 369 F.3d 113 (2004)

Rodriguez v. Artuz, 161 F.3d 763 (1998)

Rodriguez v. Artuz, 990 F.Supp. 275 (1998)

Rodriguez v. McLoughlin, 84 F.Supp.2d 417 (1999)

Rodriguez v. Schriver, 392 F.3d 505 (2004)

Roman v. Mukasey, No. 07-5629-Ag., Decided: January 21, 2009.

Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164 (2004)

Rombom v. United Air Lines, Inc., 867 F.Supp. 214 (1994)

Romea v. Heiberger & Associates, 163 F.3d 111 (1998)

Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72 (1999)

Rose v. Amsouth Bank of Florida, 391 F.3d 63 (2004)

Rose v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 257 F.3d 156 (2001)

Rosner v. Metropolitan Property & Liability Ins., 236 F.3d 96 (2000)

Ross v. Bank of America, N.A.(Usa), 524 F.3d 217 (2008)

Rounds v. Rush Trucking Corp., 211 F.3d 185 (2000)

Royal Ins. v. McCrory Corp., 176 B.R. 318 (1995)

Ruiz-Almanzar v. Ridge, 485 F.3d 193 (2007)

Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184 (2008)

Rweyemamu v. Cote, 520 F.3d 198 (2008)

Ryan v. Miller, 303 F.3d 231 (2002)

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S

Saban Entertainment, Inc. v. 222 World Corp., 865 F.Supp. 1047 (1994)

Sadallah v. City of Utica, 383 F.3d 34 (2004)

Saks v. Franklin Covey Co., 316 F.3d 337 (2003)

Salahuddin v. Mead, 174 F.3d 271 (1999)

Salamon v. Our Lady of Victory Hosp., 514 F.3d 217 (2008)

Saleh v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 17 (2007)

Salim Oleochemicals v. M/V Shropshire, 278 F.3d 90 (2002)

Sanders v. U.S., 237 F.3d 184 (2001)

Sandher v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 108 (2007)

Santos v. Murdock, 243 F.3d 681 (2001)

Sanusi v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 193 (2006)

Sash v. Zenk, 428 F.3d 132 (2005)

Sash v. Zenk, 439 F.3d 61 (2006)

Sawyer v. American Federation of Govern. Employees, 180 F.3d 31 (1999)

Schaefer v. Town of Victor, 457 F.3d 188 (2006)

Schepis v. Local Union No. 17, United Broth., 989 F.Supp. 511 (1998)

Schering Corp. v. Pfizer Inc., 189 F.3d 218 (1999)

Schwimmer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 176 F.3d 648 (1999)

Screenlife Establishment v. Tower Video, Inc., 868 F.Supp. 47 (1994)

Sea Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 51 F.3d 22 (1995)

Sea Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 849 F.Supp. 221 (1994)

Securities Investor Protection v. BDO Seidman, 222 F.3d 63 (2000)

Securities Investor Protection v. BDO Seidman, 245 F.3d 174 (2001)

SECv. Cavanagh, 1 F.Supp.2d 337 (1998)

SEC v. Falbo, 14 F.Supp.2d 508 (1998)

SEC v. Thestreet.Com, 273 F.3d 222 (2001)

Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207 (2006)

Seinfeld v. Gray, 404 F.3d 645 (2005)

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Sepulveda v. Gonzales, 407 F.3d 59 (2005)

Serrano v. Fischer, 412 F.3d 292 (2005)

Shakur v. Selsky, 391 F.3d 106 (2004)

Shannon v. General Elec. Co., 186 F.3d 186 (1999)

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Shi Liang Lin v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 494 F.3d 296 (2007)

Signal Capital Corp. v. Eastern Marine Management, 899 F.Supp. 1167 (1995)

Silge v. Merz, 510 F.3d 157 (2007)

Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Comm., 67 F.3d 1054 (1995)

Silverman v. Major League Baseball Relations Inc., 880 F.Supp. 246 (1995)

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Singh v. City of New York, 524 F.3d 361 (2008)

Skehan v. Village of Mamaroneck, 465 F.3d 96 (2006)

Skoros v. City of New York, 437 F.3d 1 (2006)

Smalls v. Batista, 191 F.3d 272 (1999)

Smith v. Edwards, 175 F.3d 99 (1999)

Smith v. O'connor, 901 F.Supp. 644 (1995)

Smith v. Wayne Weinberger, P.C., 994 F.Supp. 418 (1998)

Smoothline Ltd. v. North American Foreign Trading, 249 F.3d 147 (2001)

Sokol Holdings, Inc. v. Bmb Munai, Inc., No. 07-2871-Cv., Decided: September 18, 2008.

Somoza v. New York City Department of Education, Docket No. 07-0778-Cv., Decided: August 14, 2008.

Sowemimo v. D.A.O.R. Sec., Inc., 43 F.Supp.2d 477 (1999)

Spaight v. Makowski, 252 F.3d 78 (2001)

Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp., 306 F.3d 17 (2002)

Standard Investment Chartered, Inc. v. National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., No. 07-3372-Cv., Decided: March 18, 2009.

Starr v. Georgeson Shareholder, Inc., 412 F.3d 103 (2005)

State Street Bank v. Inversiones Errazuriz, 374 F.3d 158 (2004)

Storey v. Cello Holdings, L.L.C., 347 F.3d 370 (2003)

Strom v. Siegel Fenchel & Peddy Profit Sharing, 497 F.3d 234 (2007)

Strougo v. Bassini, 282 F.3d 162 (2002)

St. Paul Fire & Marine v. Employers Reinsurance, 919 F.Supp. 133 (1996)

Sutherland v. Reno, 228 F.3d 171 (2000)

Swedenburg v. Kelly, 358 F.3d 223 (2004)

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T

Tafari v. Hues, 473 F.3d 440 (2007)

Tapia-Garcia v. U.S., 53 F.Supp.2d 370 (1999)

Taylor v. Vermont Dept. of Educ., 313 F.3d 768 (2002)

Terwilliger v. Terwilliger, 206 F.3d 240 (2000)

Thai v. U.S., 391 F.3d 491 (2004)

Thibodeau v. Portuondo, 486 F.3d 61 (2007)

Thompson v. Choinski, 525 F.3d 205 (2008)

Thyssen, Inc. v. Calypso Shipping Corp., S.A., 310 F.3d 102 (2002)

Tian Ming Lin v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 468 F.3d 167 (2006)

Tigue v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 312 F.3d 70 (2002)

Tinelli v. Redl, 199 F.3d 603 (1999)

Todd v. Exxon Corp., 275 F.3d 191 (2001)

Tolbert v. Queens College, 242 F.3d 58 (2001)

Torres v. New York State Bd. of Elections, 462 F.3d 161 (2006)

Toussie v. Powell, 323 F.3d 178 (2003)

Tractebel Energy Marketing v. Aep Power Marketing, 487 F.3d 89 (2007)

Transatlantic Shiffahrtskontor v. Shanghai Foreign, 204 F.3d 384 (2000)

Travelers Ins. Co. v. Carpenter, 313 F.3d 97 (2002)

Travelers Ins. Co. v. Carpenter, 411 F.3d 323 (2005)

Tri-State Employment Services v. Mountbatten Sur., 295 F.3d 256 (2002)

Tueros v. Greiner, 343 F.3d 587 (2003)

Tufenkian Import/Export v. V. Einstein Moomjy, 338 F.3d 127 (2003)

Twum v. INS, 411 F.3d 54 (2005)

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U

United States v. Abdulle, No. 06-3647-Cr, Decided: April 22, 2009.

United States v. Bullock, No. 07-3059-Cr., Decided: December 17, 2008.

United States v. Cavera, No. 05-4591-Cr, En Banc Rehearing: March 27, 2008.

United States v. Cote, No. 07-1852-Cr(L). No. 07-1949-Cr(Xap)., Decided: September 24, 2008.

United States v. Crawford, No. 06-5059-Cr., Decided: July 17, 2008.

United States v. Draper, Nos. 07-2301-Cr(Lead), 07-2366-Cr(Con), Decided: January 20, 2009.

United States v. Gutierrez, No. 08-3581-Cr., Decided: February 11, 2009.

United States v. Hamilton, No. 06-2933-Cr., Decided: August 15, 2008.

United States v. Hamilton, No. 06-2933-Cr., Errata Filed: November 7, 2008.

United States v. Harrison, 396 F.3d 1280 (2005)

United States v. Hassan, No. 05-6949-Cr., Decided: September 19, 2008.

United States v. Huezo, No. 07-0031-Cr., Decided: October 14, 2008.

United States v. Joseph, No. 06-5911-Cr, Decided: September 9, 2008.

United States v. Marcus, No. 07-4005-Cr., Decided: August 14, 2008.

United States v. McCourty, No. 07-3862-Cr, Decided: April 9, 2009.

United States v. Morales, Nos. 07-4202-Cr (L), 07-5529-Cr (Con), Decided: March 18, 2009.

United States v. Ogman, Docket No. 06-0203-Cr., Decided: July 24, 2008.

United States v. Reich, 479 F.3d 179 (2007)

United States v. Salim, No. 04-2643-Cr., Decided: December 2, 2008.

United States v. Samet, 466 F.3d 251 (2006)

United States v. Savoy, No. 08-4900-Cr., Decided: May 27, 2009.

United States v. Simmons, Nos. 07-5127-Cr, 07-5532-Cr, Decided: March 17, 2009.

United States v. Turner, No. 07-0476-Cr., September 5, 2008.

United States v. Vargas, No. 07-0385-Cr., September 3, 2008.

United States v. Varrone, No. 07-4533-Cr., Decided: January 30, 2009.

Up State Federal Credit Union v. Walker, 198 F.3d 372 (1999)

Usa v. Falso, No. 06-2721-Cr, Decided: September 25, 2008.

U.S. v. $557,933.89, More Or Less, In U.S. Funds, 287 F.3d 66 (2002)

U.S. v. Acevedo, 229 F.3d 350 (2000)

U.S. v. All Right, Title and Interest, 830 F.Supp. 750 (1993)

U.S. v. Amico, 486 F.3d 764 (2007)

U.S. v. Aponte-Vega, 230 F.3d 522 (2000)

U.S. v. Aregbeyen, 251 F.3d 337 (2001)

U.S. v. Arrous, 320 F.3d 355 (2003)

U.S. v. Asuncion-Pimental, 290 F.3d 91 (2002)

U.S. v. Avello-Alvarez, 430 F.3d 543 (2005)

U.S. v. Awadalla, 357 F.3d 243 (2004)

U.S. v. Bauers, 47 F.3d 535 (1995)

U.S. v. Blackburn, 461 F.3d 259 (2006)

U.S. v. Boyd, 239 F.3d 471 (2001)

U.S. v. Brady, 417 F.3d 326 (2005)

U.S. v. Broadcast Music, Inc., 426 F.3d 91 (2005)

U.S. v. Brown, 232 F.3d 44 (2000)

U.S. v. Brown, 402 F.3d 133 (2005)

U.S. v. Brunetti, 376 F.3d 93 (2004)

U.S. v. Bryce, 208 F.3d 346 (1999)

U.S. v. Camacho, 302 F.3d 35 (2002)

U.S. v. Campbell, 167 F.3d 94 (1999)

U.S. v. Cantor, 897 F.Supp. 110 (1995)

U.S. v. Capoccia, 503 F.3d 103 (2007)

U.S. v. Carter, 203 F.3d 187 (2000)

U.S. v. Castellanos, 820 F.Supp. 80 (1993)

U.S. v. Castrillon, 376 F.3d 46 (2004)

U.S. v. Chin, 224 F.3d 121 (2000)

U.S. v. Chusid, 372 F.3d 113 (2004)

U.S. v. Ciccone, 312 F.3d 535 (2002)

U.S. v. Colon, 220 F.3d 48 (2000)

U.S. v. Contents of Account Number 901121707, 36 F.Supp.2d 614 (1999)

U.S. v. Cordoba-Murgas, 233 F.3d 704 (2000)

U.S. v. Cotto, 347 F.3d 441 (2003)

U.S. v. Cox, 299 F.3d 143 (2002)

U.S. v. Crawford, 533 F.3d 133 (2008)

U.S. v. Cusack, 229 F.3d 344 (2000)

U.S. v. Desena, 287 F.3d 170 (2002)

U.S. v. D'oliveira, 402 F.3d 130 (2005)

U.S. v. Dupre, 462 F.3d 131 (2006)

U.S. v. Ecker, 232 F.3d 348 (2000)

U.S. v. Encarnacion-Mendez, 271 F.3d 80 (2001)

U.S. v. Estrada, 428 F.3d 387 (2005)

U.S. v. Estrada, 430 F.3d 606 (2005)

U.S. v. Falcone, 257 F.3d 226 (2001)

U.S. v. Ferrell, 485 F.3d 687 (2007)

U.S. v. Figueroa, 165 F.3d 111 (1998)

U.S. v. Fisher, 232 F.3d 301 (2000)

U.S. v. Gaines, 295 F.3d 293 (2002)

U.S. v. Gallego, 191 F.3d 156 (1999)

U.S. v. Ganim, 510 F.3d 134 (2007)

U.S. v. Gayle, 389 F.3d 406 (2004)

U.S. v. George, 266 F.3d 52 (2001)

U.S. v. George, 386 F.3d 383 (2004)

U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2006)

U.S. v. Gill, 523 F.3d 107 (2008)

U.S. v. Giordano, 442 F.3d 30 (2006)

U.S. v. Gitten, 231 F.3d 77 (2000)

U.S. v. Gonzalez, 192 F.3d 350 (1999)

U.S. v. Gonzalez, 420 F.3d 111 (2005)

U.S. v. Gonzalez, 529 F.3d 94 (2008)

U.S. v. Gori, 230 F.3d 44 (2000)

U.S. v. Gottesman, 122 F.3d 150 (1997)

U.S. v. Gotti, 42 F.Supp.2d 252 (1999)

U.S. v. Gotti, 451 F.3d 133 (2006)

U.S. v. Green, 480 F.3d 627 (2007)

U.S. v. Gregg, 463 F.3d 160 (2006)

U.S. v. Hamdi, 432 F.3d 115 (2005)

U.S. v. Hardwick, 523 F.3d 94 (2008)

U.S. v. Harris, 358 F.3d 221 (2004)

U.S. v. Hasarafally, 529 F.3d 125 (2008)

U.S. v. Hawkins, 513 F.3d 59 (2008)

U.S. v. Heatley, 994 F.Supp. 475 (1998)

U.S. v. Heatley, 994 F.Supp. 477 (1998)

U.S. v. Heatley, 994 F.Supp. 483 (1998)

U.S. v. Heatley, 32 F.Supp.2d 131 (1998)

U.S. v. Heatley, 39 F.Supp.2d 287 (1998)

U.S. v. Heatley, 41 F.Supp.2d 284 (1999)

U.S. v. Hendrickson, 26 F.3d 321 (1994)

U.S. v. Henry, 325 F.3d 93 (2003)

U.S. v. Herrera, 446 F.3d 283 (2006)

U.S. v. Hilario, 449 F.3d 500 (2006)

U.S. v. Hochevar, 214 F.3d 342 (2000)

U.S. v. Holloway, 29 F.Supp.2d 435 (1998)

U.S. v. Howard, 489 F.3d 484 (2007)

U.S. v. International Broth. of Teamsters, 986 F.2d 15 (1993)

U.S. v. Iodice, 525 F.3d 179 (2008)

U.S. v. Jackson, 345 F.3d 59 (2003)

U.S. v. Jimenez, 921 F.Supp. 1054 (1995)

U.S. v. Jimenez, 451 F.3d 97 (2006)

U.S. v. Kennedy, 233 F.3d 157 (2000)

U.S. v. Klisser, 190 F.3d 34 (1999)

U.S. v. Kouzmine, 921 F.Supp. 1131 (1996)

U.S. v. Lake, 419 F.3d 111 (2005)

U.S. v. Laljie, 184 F.3d 180 (1999)

U.S. v. Lech, 895 F.Supp. 582 (1995)

U.S. v. Lech, 895 F.Supp. 586 (1995)

U.S. v. Leiva-Deras, 359 F.3d 183 (2004)

U.S. v. Lincecum, 220 F.3d 77 (2000)

U.S. v. Lopez, 445 F.3d 90 (2006)

U.S. v. Lynch, 181 F.3d 330 (1999)

U.S. v. Males, 459 F.3d 154 (2006)

U.S. v. Maloney, 406 F.3d 149 (2005)

U.S. v. Martinez, 413 F.3d 239 (2005)

U.S. v. Matthews, 205 F.3d 544 (2000)

U.S. v. Mattice, 186 F.3d 219 (1999)

U.S. v. McClain, 377 F.3d 219 (2004)

U.S. v. Mercado, 349 F.3d 708 (2003)

U.S. v. Mercedes, 254 F.3d 433 (2001)

U.S. v. Mercurris, 192 F.3d 290 (1999)

U.S. v. Millan, 4 F.3d 1038 (1993)

U.S. v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641 (1997)

U.S. v. Mingo, 340 F.3d 112 (2003)

U.S. v. Moloney, 287 F.3d 236 (2002)

U.S. v. Montoya, 335 F.3d 73 (2003)

U.S. v. Moreno, 181 F.3d 206 (1999)

U.S. v. Mullings, 330 F.3d 123 (2003)

U.S. v. Myers, 426 F.3d 117 (2005)

U.S. v. Napoli, 179 F.3d 1 (1999)

U.S. v. New York Medical College, 252 F.3d 118 (2001)

U.S. v. Novak, 443 F.3d 150 (2006)

U.S. v. Oberoi, 331 F.3d 44 (2003)

U.S. v. Oladimeji, 463 F.3d 152 (2006)

U.S. v. Olmeda, 461 F.3d 271 (2006)

U.S. v. Outen, 286 F.3d 622 (2002)

U.S. v. Paccione, 202 F.3d 622 (2000)

U.S. v. Palozie, 166 F.3d 502 (1999)

U.S. v. Parker, 469 F.3d 57 (2006)

U.S. v. Penaranda, 375 F.3d 238 (2004)

U.S. v. Pena, 227 F.3d 23 (2000)

U.S. v. Perez, 330 F.3d 97 (2003)

U.S. v. Pettus, 303 F.3d 480 (2002)

U.S. v. Quattrone, 402 F.3d 304 (2005)

U.S. v. Ramirez, 297 F.3d 185 (2002)

U.S. v. Razmilovic, 419 F.3d 134 (2005)

U.S. v. Real Property Known As 77 East 3rd Street, 849 F.Supp. 876 (1994)

U.S. v. Real Prop. Known As 77 East 3rd St. N.Y., 869 F.Supp. 1042 (1994)

U.S. v. Reimer, 356 F.3d 456 (2004)

U.S. v. Reinoso, 350 F.3d 51 (2003)

U.S. v. Reynoso, 6 F.Supp.2d 269 (1998)

U.S. v. Richter, 510 F.3d 103 (2007)

U.S. v. Rittweger, 524 F.3d 171 (2008)

U.S. v. Rivard, 184 F.3d 176 (1999)

U.S. v. Rivas, 377 F.3d 195 (2004)

U.S. v. Rivera, 293 F.3d 584 (2002)

U.S. v. Rizzo, 349 F.3d 94 (2003)

U.S. v. Roberts, 442 F.3d 128 (2006)

U.S. v. Russo, 110 F.3d 948 (1997)

U.S. v. Rybicki, 354 F.3d 124 (2003)

U.S. v. Saget, 377 F.3d 223 (2004)

U.S. v. Samaria, 239 F.3d 228 (2001)

U.S. v. Sanders, 211 F.3d 711 (2000)

U.S. v. Santa, 180 F.3d 20 (1999)

U.S. v. Santiago, 238 F.3d 213 (2001)

U.S. v. Santiago, 268 F.3d 151 (2001)

U.S. v. Schreiber, 191 F.3d 103 (1999)

U.S. v. Schulz, 517 F.3d 606 (2008)

U.S. v. Sec. Housing and Urban Dev., 239 F.3d 211 (2001)

U.S. v. Sheikh, 433 F.3d 905 (2006)

U.S. v. Shepardson, 167 F.3d 120 (1999)

U.S. v. Sicurella, 367 F.3d 82 (2004)

U.S. v. Si Lu Tian, 339 F.3d 143 (2003)

U.S. v. Sloley, 464 F.3d 355 (2006)

U.S. v. Smith, 354 F.3d 171 (2003)

U.S. v. Smith, 426 F.3d 567 (2005)

U.S. v. Sotomayor Vazquez, 69 F.Supp.2d 286 (1999)

U.S. v. Stephens, 347 F.3d 427 (2003)

U.S. v. Stewart, 485 F.3d 666 (2007)

U.S. v. Stultz, 356 F.3d 261 (2004)

U.S. v. Sturdivant, 244 F.3d 71 (2001)

U.S. v. Suleiman, 208 F.3d 32 (2000)

U.S. v. Tablie, 166 F.3d 505 (1999)

U.S. v. Thomas, 248 F.3d 76 (2001)

U.S. v. Thomas, 274 F.3d 655 (2001)

U.S. v. Thorn, 446 F.3d 378 (2006)

U.S. v. Thorpe, 191 F.3d 339 (1999)

U.S. v. Tin Yat Chin, 371 F.3d 31 (2004)

U.S. v. Tomasi, 313 F.3d 653 (2002)

U.S. v. Tran, 519 F.3d 98 (2008)

U.S. v. Triestman, 178 F.3d 624 (1999)

U.S. v. Ubaldo Hernandez, 271 F.3d 78 (2001)

U.S. v. Ubiera, 486 F.3d 71 (2007)

U.S. v. U.S. Currency In Amount of $119,984.00, 304 F.3d 165 (2002)

U.S. v. Vaughn, 430 F.3d 518 (2005)

U.S. v. Vaval, 404 F.3d 144 (2005)

U.S. v. Volpe, 224 F.3d 72 (2000)

U.S. v. Walker, 191 F.3d 326 (1999)

U.S. v. Walker, 353 F.3d 130 (2003)

U.S. v. Walls, 163 F.3d 146 (1998)

U.S. v. Westcott, 159 F.3d 107 (1998)

U.S. v. White, 237 F.3d 170 (2001)

U.S. v. White, 240 F.3d 127 (2001)

U.S. v. Williams, 389 F.3d 402 (2004)

U.S. v. Workman, 80 F.3d 688 (1996)

U.S. v. Yakobowicz, 427 F.3d 144 (2005)

U.S. v. Zedner, 193 F.3d 562 (1999)

U.S. v. Zuluaga, 981 F.2d 74 (1992)

U.S. v. Zuno-Arce, 25 F.Supp.2d 1087 (1998)

Utkor v. McElroy, 930 F.Supp. 881 (1996)

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V

Valentine v. Standard & Poor's, 50 F.Supp.2d 262 (1999)

Valicenti Advisory Services, Inc. v. SEC, 198 F.3d 62 (1999)

Vargas-Sarmiento v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 448 F.3d 159 (2006)

Velasquez v. U.S., 4 F.Supp.2d 331 (1998)

Viacom Intern., Inc. v. Kearney, 212 F.3d 721 (2000)

Vincenty v. Bloomberg, 476 F.3d 74 (2007)

Vultaggio Ex Rel. Vultaggio v. Board of Educ., 343 F.3d 598 (2003)

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W

Wala v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 102 (2007)

Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139 (2007)

Warner Theatre Assoc. Ltd. v. Metropolitan Life, 149 F.3d 134 (1998)

Warren v. Garvin, 219 F.3d 111 (2000)

Washington v. County of Rockland, 373 F.3d 310 (2004)

Weaver v. U.S., 195 F.3d 123 (1999)

Webster Ex Rel. Webster v. Mount Vernon Fire Ins., 368 F.3d 209 (2004)

Weissman v. Dawn Joy Fashions, Inc., 214 F.3d 224 (2000)

Welch v. Galie, 207 F.3d 130 (2000)

Westerbeke Corp. v. Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd., 304 F.3d 200 (2002)

Westinghouse Credit Corp. v. D'urso, 278 F.3d 138 (2002)

White v. White Rose Food, 237 F.3d 174 (2001)

Wilburn v. Eastman Kodak Co., 180 F.3d 475 (1999)

Wilkinson Ex Rel. Wilkinson v. Russell, 182 F.3d 89 (1999)

Willette v. Fischer, 508 F.3d 117 (2007)

Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123 (2004)

Wills v. Amerada Hess Corp., 379 F.3d 32 (2004)

Wood v. F.B.I., 432 F.3d 78 (2005)

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X

Xiao Xing Ni v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 260 (2007)

---

Y

Yang v. Gonzales, 431 F.3d 84 (2005)

Yan Ping Chen v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 867 (2007)

Ye v. Department of Homeland Security, 446 F.3d 289 (2006)

York v. Association of Bar of City of New York, 286 F.3d 122 (2002)

Yung v. Walker, 296 F.3d 129 (2002)

Yung v. Walker, 341 F.3d 104 (2003)

Yung v. Walker, 468 F.3d 169 (2006)

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Z

Zamakshari v. Dvoskin, 899 F.Supp. 1097 (1995)

Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540 (2005)

Zhao Quan Chen v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d 153 (2007)

Zheng v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 201 (2007)

Zhi Wei Pang v. Bureau of Citizenship, 448 F.3d 102 (2006)

Zhong v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 489 F.3d 126 (2007)

Zhou v. Mukasey, No. 07-5570-Ag Nac., September 5, 2008.

Zieper v. Metzinger, 474 F.3d 60 (2007)

Zveiter v. Brazilian Nat. Superintendency, 833 F.Supp. 1089 (1993)

Zveiter v. Brazilian Nat. Superintendency, 841 F.Supp. 111 (1993)