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DUDUM v. ARNTZ

No. 10-17198.

640 F.3d 1098 (2011)

Ron DUDUM; Matthew Sheridan; Elizabeth Murphy; Katherine Webster; Marina Franco; Dennis Flynn, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. John ARNTZ, Director of Elections of the City and County of San Francisco; City and County of San Francisco, a municipal corporation; San Francisco Department of Elections; San Francisco Elections Commission, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed May 20, 2011.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

James R. Parrinello , Christopher E. Skinnell , Nielsen, Merksamer, Parrinello, Mueller & Naylor, LLP, San Rafael, CA, for the plaintiffs-appellants.

Therese M. Stewart , Chief Deputy City Attorney, and Jonathan Givner , Andrew Shen , and Mollie Lee , Deputy City Attorneys, San Francisco, CA, for the defendants-appellees.

Before: RICHARD A. PAEZ, MARSHA S. BERZON, and CARLOS T. BEA, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

BERZON, Circuit Judge:

In 1873, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name, Lewis Carroll, spotted what he took to be an "extraordinary injustice": using simple plurality voting to determine the winners of elections.1 Dodgson, celebrated for his whimsical classics Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was also a mathematician who developed election systems—meaning...

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