HAWAII v. TRUMP

No. 17-15589.

859 F.3d 741 (2017)

State of HAWAII; Ismail Elshikh, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Donald J. TRUMP, in his official capacity as President of the United States; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; John F. Kelly, in his official capacity as Secretary of Homeland Security; U.S. Department of State; Rex W. Tillerson, in his official capacity as Secretary of State; United States of America, Defendants-Appellants.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed June 12, 2017.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Jeffrey Bryan Wall (argued), Acting Solicitor General; Edwin S. Kneedler , Deputy Solicitor General; Sharon Swingle , Anne Murphy , Lowell V. Sturgill Jr. , H. Thomas Byron III , and Douglas N. Letter , Attorneys, Appellate Staff; August E. Flentje , Special Counsel to the Assistant Attorney General; Elliot Enoki , Acting United States Attorney; Chad A. Readler , Acting Assistant Attorney General; Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Defendants-Appellants.

Neal Kumar Katyal (argued), Colleen Roh Sinzdak , Mitchell P. Reich , and Elizabeth Hagerty , Hogan Lovells US LLP, Washington, D.C.; Thomas P. Schmidt , Hogan Lovells US LLP, New York, New York; Sara Solow and Alexander B. Bowerman , Hogan Lovells US LLP, Philadelphia, PA; Douglas S. Chin , Attorney General; Clyde J. Wadsworth , Solicitor General; Deirdre Marie-Iha , Donna H. Kalama , Kimberly T. Guidry , and Robert T. Nakatsuji , Deputy Attorneys General; Department of the Attorney General, Honolulu, Hawai`i; for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Scott A. Keller , Solicitor General; J. Campbell Barker , Deputy Solicitor General; Ari Cuenin , Assistant Solicitor General; Ken Paxton , Attorney General; Jeffrey C. Mateer , First Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Austin, Texas; for Amici Curiae States of Texas, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and West Virginia, and Governor Phil Bryant of the State of Mississippi.

Amir H. Ali , Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center, Washington, D.C.; Jessica M. Wan , Lisa W. Cataldo , and David J. Minkin , McCorriston Miller Mukai MacKinnon LLP, Honolulu, Hawai`i; for Amicus Curiae The Roderick and Solange MacArthur Justice Center.

Robert D. Fram and Alexandra P. Grayner , Covington & Burling LLP, San Francisco, California; Andrew Guy , Michael Baker , Karun Tilak , and Ligia M. Markman , Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, D.C.; for Amici Curiae Interfaith Coalition.

Kevin P. Martin , Eileen L. Morrison , Alicia Rubio , Joshua M. Daniels , William B. Brady , and Nicholas K. Mitrokostas , Goodwin Procter LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amici Curiae The Foundation for the Children of Iran and Iranian Alliances Across Borders.

Michael R. Scott , Lisa J. Chaiet Rahman , and Amit D. Ranade , Hillis Clark Martin & Peterson P.S., Seattle, Washington, for Amici Curiae Episcopal Bishops.

Dan Jackson , R. Adam Lauridsen , and John W. Keker , Keker, Van Nest & Peters LLP, San Francisco, California, for Amicus Curiae Khizr Khan.

Lary A. Rappaport , Proskauer Rose LLP, Los Angeles, California; Terrance Nolan , General Counsel and Secretary, New York University, New York, New York; Claire Wong Black and J. Blaine Rogers , Alston Hunt Floyd & Ing, Honolulu, Hawai`i; Tiffany M. Woo , Seth D. Fiur , and Steven E. Obus , Proskauer Rose LLP, New York, New York; for Amicus Curiae New York University.

Aaron X. Fellmeth , Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; Jonathan Hafetz , Seton Hall University School of Law, Newark, New Jersey; Joseph M. McMillan and Michelle L. Maley , Perkins Coie LLP, Seattle, Washington; for Amici Curiae International Law Scholars and Nongovernmental Organizations.

Lindsay C. Harrison , Tassity S. Johnson , Erica L. Ross , and Thomas J. Perrelli , Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Colleges and Universities.

Mary Kelly Persyn , Persyn Law & Policy, San Francisco, California, for Amicus Curiae American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children.

Jonathan M. Freiman and Tahlia Townsend , Wiggin and Dana LLP, New Haven, Connecticut; Harold Hongju Koh and Hope Metcalf , Rule of Law Clinic, Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut; for Amici Curiae Former National Security Officials.

Anna-Rose Mathieson and Ben Feuer , California Appellate Law Group LLP, San Francisco, California, for Amici Curiae Scholars of American Religious History & Law.

Richard D. Bernstein , Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae T.A., a U.S. Citizen of Yemeni Descent.

Joshua Matz , Robbins, Russell, Englert, Orseck, Untereiner & Sauber LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Constitutional Law Scholars.

Marc A. Hearron , Morrison & Foerster LLP, Washington, D.C.; Purvi G. Patel , Morrison & Foerster LLP, Los Angeles, California; Amanda Aikman and Jennifer K. Brown , Morrison & Foerster LLP, New York, New York; Sandeep N. Nandivada , Morrison & Foerster LLP, McLean, Virginia; for Amici Curiae Interfaith Group of Religious and Interreligious Organizations.

Anton A. Ware , Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, San Francisco, California; Aziz Huq , Johnathan J. Smith , and Farhana Khera , Muslim Advocates, Oakland, California; for Amici Curiae Muslim Rights, Professional and Public Health Organizations.

David L. Franklin , Solicitor General, and Lisa Madigan , Attorney General, Office of the Illinois Attorney General, Chicago, Illinois; for Amici Curiae States of Illinois, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington, and the District of Columbia.

William S. Consovoy , Consovoy McCarthy Park PLLC, Arlington, Virginia; Kimberly S. Hermann , Southeastern Legal Foundation, Marietta, Georgia; for Amicus Curiae Southeastern Legal Foundation, Inc.

Edward L. White III and Erik M. Zimmerman , American Center for Law and Justice, Ann Arbor , Michigan; Geoffrey R. Surtees and Francis J. Manion , American Center for Law and Justice, New Hope, Kentucky; Benjamin P. Sisney , Matthew R. Clark , Craig L. Parshall , Jordan Sekulow , Andrew J. Ekonomou , Colby M. May , Stuart J. Roth , and Jay Alan Sekulow , American Center for Law and Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Amicus Curiae American Center for Law and Justice.

Pratik A. Shah and Martine E. Cicconi , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Washington, D.C.; Robert S. Chang , Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, Seattle, Washington; Eric Yamamoto , Fred T. Korematsu Professor of Law and Social Justice, Honolulu, Hawai`i; Claire Wong Black and Louise K.Y. Ing ; Alston Hunt Floyd & Ing, Honolulu, Hawai`i; Alice Hsu and Robert A. Johnson , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, New York, New York; Jessica M. Weisel , Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Los Angeles, California; for Amici Curiae Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, Jay Hirabayashi, Holly Yasui, Karen Korematsu, Civil Rights Organizations, and National Bar Associations of Color.

Richard B. Katskee , Carmen Green , Bradley Girard , Kelly M. Percival , Andrew L. Nellis , and Eric Rothschild , Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Washington, D.C.; Gillian Gillers and Kristi L. Graunke , Southern Poverty Law Center, Atlanta, Georgia; for Amici Curiae Members of the Clergy, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Bend the Arc: A Jewish Partnership for Justice, The Riverside Church in the City of New York, and The Southern Poverty Law Center.

Benna Ruth Solomon , Deputy Corporation Counsel; Edward N. Siskel , Corporation Counsel; City of Chicago Department of Law, Chicago, Illinois; Eliberty Lopez , Brian Neff , and Ryan P. Poscablo , Riley Safer Holmes & Cancila LLP, New York, New York; Nick Kahlon , Riley Safer Holmes & Cancila LLP, Chicago, Illinois; for Amici Curiae Cities of Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and Other Major Cities and Counties.

Linda A. Klein , President, American Bar Association, Chicago, Illinois; Jared S. Stein , Arianna Markel , Erin J. Morgan , Aidan Synnott , and Sidney S. Rosdeitcher , New York, New York; for Amicus Curiae American Bar Association.

Jonathan A. Scruggs and Kevin H. Theriot , Alliance Defending Freedom, Scottsdale, Arizona, as and for Amicus Curiae Alliance Defending Freedom.

Richard P. Bress , Alexandra P. Schechtel , and Elana Nightingale Dawson , Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, D.C.; Christopher Mortweet , Latham & Watkins LLP, Menlo Park, California; for Amicus Curiae Oxfam America, Inc.

Christopher J. Hajec , Mark S. Venezia , and Elizabeth A. Hohenstein , Immigration Reform Law Institute, Washington, D.C., as and for Amicus Curiae Immigration Reform Law Institute.

G. Eric Brunstad, Jr. , Dechert LLP, Hartford, Connecticut, for Amici Curiae HIAS, The IRC, and USCRI.

Steve W. Berman , Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro LLP, Seattle, Washington; Leo Gertner , Deborah L. Smith , Claire Prestel , and Nicole G. Berner , Service Employees International Union, for Amicus Curiae Service Employees International Union; Judith Rivlin , Washington, D.C., as and for Amicus Curiae American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees; Channing M. Cooper and David J. Strom , Washington, D.C., as and for Amicus Curiae American Federation of Teachers.

Peter Jaffe , Brent Wible , Lauren Kaplin , and Daniel Braun , Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer US LLP, Washington, D.C.; Karen Wiswall and David Y. Livshiz , Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer US LLP, New York, New York; for Amicus Curiae Cato Institute.

Kenneth A. Klukowski , Alexandria, Virginia, as and for Amicus Curiae American Civil Rights Union.

Elizabeth B. Wydra , David H. Gans , and Brianne J. Gorod , Constitutional Accountability Center, Washington, D.C.; Peter Karanjia and Jason Harrow , Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Washington, D.C.; Raymond H. Brescia , Associate Professor of Law, Albany Law School, Albany, New York; Victor A. Kovner , Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, New York, New York; for Amici Curiae 165 Members of Congress.

Michael J. Gottlieb , Aaron E. Nathan , Cain Norris , J. Wells Harrell , Isra Bhatty , and Joshua Riley , Boies Schiller Flexner LLP, Washington, D.C.; Eli Glasser , Boies Schiller Flexner LLP, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; for Amici Curiae Former Federal Immigration and Homeland Security Officials.

Andrew J. Pincus and Paul W. Hughes , Mayer Brown LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Technology Companies.

Nathaniel C. Love and Robert N. Hochman , Sidley Austin LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Charles Roth , National Immigrant Justice Center, Chicago, Illinois; for Amicus Curiae National Immigrant Justice Center; Gail Pendelton , Suffield, Connecticut, as and for Amicus Curiae ASISTA; Jennie Santos-Bourne , Miami, Florida, as and for Amicus Curiae Americans for Immigrant Justice; Linda A. Seabrook , General Counsel, San Francisco, California, as and for Amicus Curiae Futures Without Violence; Jean Bruggeman , Arlington, Virginia, as and for Amicus Curiae Freedom Network USA; Amily K. McCool , Durham, North Carolina, as and for Amicus Curiae North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence.

Victor Williams, Bethesda, Maryland, pro se for Amicus Curiae America First Lawyers Association.

Scott L. Winkelman , Justin Kingsolver , Avi Rutschman , and Luke van Houwelingen , Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Tahirih Justice Center, The Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence, Casa de Esperanza, and National Domestic Violence Hotline.

James W. Kim , McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Washington, D.C.; Albert Giang , Rachana Pathak , Meredith S.H. Higashi , Navdeep Singh , and Tina R. Matsuoka , National Asian Pacific American Bar Association, Washington, D.C.; for Amicus Curiae National Asian Pacific American Bar Association.

Brett R. Tobin , Goodsill Anderson Quinn & Stifel LLP, Honolulu, Hawai`i; Daniel L. McFadden , Christopher E. Hart , Kristyn DeFilipp , and Michael B. Keating , Foley Hoag LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Amicus Curiae Massachusetts Technology Leadership Council, Inc.

Avi Gesser , Ilan Stein , Jennifer Prevete , Alex Messiter , Joseph Garmon , and Kelsey Clark , Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, New York, New York, for Amici Curiae Association of Art Museum Directors, American Alliance of Museums, Association of Academic Museums and Galleries, College Art Association, and 101 Art Museums.

Herbert W. Titus , Jeremiah L. Morgan , William J. Olson , and Robert J. Olson , William J. Olson P.C., Vienna, Virginia; Michael Boos , Citizens United, Washington, D.C.; Joseph W. Miller , U.S. Justice Foundation, Ramona, California; for Amici Curiae U.S. Justice Foundation, Citizens United, Citizens United Foundation, English First Foundation, English First, Public Advocate of the United States, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of America, Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund, U.S. Border Control Foundation, and Policy Analysis Center.

Benjamin G. Shatz , Ketakee Kane , Olufunmilayo Showole , Matthew Bottomly , Sirena Castillo , John W. McGuinness , and Amy Briggs , Manatt Phelps & Phillips LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Amici Curiae Muslim Justice League, Islamic Circle of North America, and Council of American-Islamic Relations, California.

Claire Loebs Davis , Taylor Washburn , and Jessica N. Walder , Lane Powell PC, Seattle, Washington, for Amici Curiae Law Professors.

Lena F. Masri , National Litigation Director, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Washington, D.C.; Gadeir I. Abbas , Law Office of Gadeir Abbas, Washington, D.C.; for Amici Curiae Muslim Civil Rights Activists Linda Sarsour, Rashida Tlaib, Zahra Billoo, Basim Elkarra, Hussam Ayloush, Alia Salem, Adam Soltani, Imraan Siddiqi, Namira Islam, Karen Dabdoub, Jim Sues, Hanif Mohebi, and Jaylani Hussein.

Ester Sung , Melissa S. Keaney , Nicholas Espíritu , and Karen C. Tumlin , National Immigration Law Center, Los Angeles, California; Justin B. Cox , National Immigration Law Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Mark Doss , Lara Finkbeiner , Stephen Poellot , and Rebecca Heller , International Refugee Assistance Project at the Urban Justice Center, New York, New York; for Amici Curiae National Immigration Law Center and International Refugee Assistance Project.

Nicole Y. Altman , Goodsill Anderson Quinn & Stifel LLP, Honolulu, Hawai`i; Lilly Landsman-Roos and John B. Harris , Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz PC, New York, New York; Michael Lieberman , Melissa Garlick , Lauren A. Jones , and Steven M. Freeman , Anti-Defamation League, New York, New York; Doron F. Ezickson , Anti-Defamation League, Washington, D.C.; Alyssa T. Saunders and David E. Mills , Cooley LLP, Washington, D.C.; David Bohm , Danna McKintrick P.C., St. Louis, Missouri; for Amici Curiae Anti-Defamation League, Jewish Council for Public Affairs, Union for Reform Judaism, Central Conference of American Rabbis, and Women of Reform Judaism.

Alan C. Turner , Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, New York, New York; Jonathan Mincer and Harrison Frahn , Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, Palo Alto, California; for Amici Curiae Human Rights First, Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), City Bar Justice Center, Community Legal Services in East Palo Alto, Catholic Migration Services, the Door's Legal Services Center, Safe Passage Project, and Sanctuary for Families.

Matthew E. Sloan , Alyssa J. Clover , Richard A. Schwartz , and Allison B. Holcombe , Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Los Angeles, California; Jennifer H. Berman and Eric J. Gorman , Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Jonathan Fombonne , Sarah Grossnickle , and Noelle M. Reed , Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Houston, Texas; Joseph M. Sandman , Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Washington, D.C.; Aaron Morris , Immigration Equality, New York, New York; Virginia M. Goggin , New York City Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project, New York, New York; Glenn Magpantay , The National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance, New York, New York; for Amici Curiae Immigration Equality, New York City Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project, and National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance. Lynn Lincoln Sarko , Alison S. Gaffney , Derek W. Loeser , Amy Williams-Derry , and Tana Lin , Keller Rohrback L.L.P., Seattle, Washington; La Rond Baker and Emily Chiang , American Civil Liberties Union of Washington Foundation, Seattle, Washington; Laurie B. Ashton , Keller Rohrback L.L.P., Phoenix, Arizona; Alison Chase , Keller Rohrback L.L.P., Santa Barbara, California; for Amici Curiae Joseph Doe, James Doe, and the Episcopal Diocese of Olympia.

Patricia S. Rose , Seattle, Washington, for Amici Curiae One Million Kids for Equality and African Human Rights Coalition.

Before: Michael Daly Hawkins, Ronald M. Gould, and Richard A. Paez, Circuit Judges.


OPINION1

We are asked to delineate the statutory and constitutional limits to the President's power to control immigration in this appeal of the district court's order preliminarily enjoining two sections of Executive Order 13780 ("EO2" or "the Order"), "Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist...

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