UNITED STATES of America; Suquamish Indian Tribe; Sauk-Suiattle Tribe; Stillaguamish Tribe; Hoh Tribe; Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe; Lower Elwha Band of Klallams; Port Gamble Band Clallam; Nisqually Indian Tribe; Nooksack Indian Tribe; Skokomish Indian Tribe; Squaxin Island Tribe; Upper Skagit Indian Tribe; Tulalip Tribes; Lummi Indian Nation; Quinault Indian Nation; Suquamish Indian Tribe; Puyallup Tribe; Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation; Quileute Indian Tribe; Makah Indian Tribe; Swinomish Indian Tribal Community; Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
State of WASHINGTON, Defendant-Appellant.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
Argued and Submitted October 16, 2015 Seattle, Washington.
Pamela B. Loginsky , Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, Olympia, Washington; Douglas D. Shaftel , Pierce County Deputy Prosecuting Attorney; for Amicus Curiae Washington State Association of Counties.
Colette Routel , Associate Professor and Co-Director, Indian Law Clinic, William Mitchell College of Law, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for Amicus Curiae Indian Law Professors.
Amanda W. Goodin and Janette K. Brimmer , Earthjustice, Seattle, Washington, for Amicus Curiae Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations and Institute for Fisheries Resources.
Before: William A. Fletcher and Ronald M. Gould, Circuit Judges, and David A. Ezra, District Judge.
OPINION
W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
In 1854 and 1855, Indian tribes in the Pacific Northwest entered into a series of treaties, now known as the "Stevens Treaties," negotiated by Isaac I. Stevens, Superintendent of Indian Affairs and Governor of Washington Territory. Under the Stevens Treaties ("Treaties") at issue in this case, the tribes...
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