U.S. v. STERLING

No. 11-5028.

724 F.3d 482 (2013)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Jeffrey Alexander STERLING, Defendant-Appellee, James Risen, Intervenor-Appellee. The Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression; ABC, Incorporated; Advance Publications, Incorporated; ALM Media, Incorporated; The Associated Press; Bloomberg, L.P.; Cable News Network, Incorporated; CBS Corporation; Cox Media Group, Inc.; Daily News, L.P.; Dow Jones and Company, Incorporated; The E.W. Scripps Company; First Amendment Coalition; Fox News Network, L.L.C.; Gannett Company, Incorporated; The Hearst Corporation; The McClatchy Company; National Association of Broadcasters; National Public Radio, Incorporated; NBCUniversal Media, LLC; The New York Times Company; Newspaper Association of America; The Newsweek Daily Beast Company LLC; Radio Television Digital News Association; Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; Reuters America LLC; Time Inc.; Tribune Company; The Washington Post; WNET, Amici Supporting Intervenor.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Decided: July 19, 2013.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

ARGUED: Robert A. Parker , United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Joel Kurtzberg , Cahill, Gordon & Reindel, New York, New York; Edward Brian MacMahon, Jr. , Middleburg, Virginia; Barry Joel Pollack , Miller & Chevalier, Chartered, Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Neil H. MacBride , United States Attorney, James L. Trump , Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of the United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia; William M. Welch II , Senior Litigation Counsel, Timothy J. Kelly , Trial Attorney, Criminal Division, Lanny A. Breuer , Assistant Attorney General, Mythili Raman , Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Mia Haessly , Miller & Chevalier, Chartered, Washington, D.C., for Appellee Jeffrey Alexander Sterling. David N. Kelley , Cahill, Gordon & Reindel, New York, New York, for Appellee James Risen. J. Joshua Wheeler , The Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression, Charlottesville, Virginia; Bruce D. Brown , Laurie A. Babinski , Baker & Hostetler LLP, Washington, D.C., for The Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression, Amicus Supporting James Risen. Lee Levine , Jeanette Melendez Bead , Levine Sullivan Koch & Schulz, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae; John W. Zucker , Indira Satyendra , ABC, INC., New York, New York, for Amicus ABC, Inc.; Richard A. Bernstein , Sabin, Bermant & Gould LLP, New York, New York, for Amicus Advance Publications, Inc.; Allison C. Hoffman , Fabio B. Bertoni , ALM Media, LLC, New York, New York, for Amicus ALM Media, LLC; Karen Kaiser , The Associated Press, New York, New York, for Amicus The Associated Press; Charles J. Glasser, Jr. , Bloomberg L.P., New York, New York, for Amicus Bloomberg L.P.; David C. Vigilante , Johnita P. Due , Cable News Network, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, for Amicus Cable News Network, Inc.; Anthony M. Bongiorno , CBS Corporation, New York, New York, for Amicus CBS Corporation; Lance Lovell , Cox Media Group, INC., Atlanta, Georgia, for Amicus Cox Media Group, Inc.; Anne B. Carroll , Daily News, L.P., New York, New York, for Amicus Daily News, L.P.; Mark H. Jackson , Jason P. Conti , Gail C. Gove , Dow Jones & Company, Inc., New York, New York, for Amicus Dow Jones & Company, Inc.; David M. Giles , The E.W. Scripps Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Amicus The E.W. Scripps Company; Peter Scheer , First Amendment Coalition, San Rafael, California, for Amicus First Amendment Coalition; Dianne Brandi, Christopher Silvestri, Fox News Network, L.L.C., New York, New York, for Amicus Fox News Network, L.L.C.; Barbara W. Wall , Gannett Co., INC., McLean, Virginia, for Amicus Gannett Co., Inc.; Eve Burton , Jonathan Donnellan, The Hearst Corporation, New York, New York, for Amicus The Hearst Corporation; Karole Morgan-Prager , Stephen J. Burns , The McClatchy Company, Sacramento, California, for Amicus The McClatchy Company; Jane E. Mago , Jerianne Timmerman , National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., for Amicus National Association of Broadcasters; Denise Leary , Ashley Messenger , National Public Radio, Inc., Washington, D.C., for Amicus National Public Radio, Inc.; Susan E. Weiner , NBCUniversal Media, LLC, New York, New York, for Amicus NBCUniversal Media, LLC; George Freeman , The New York Times Company, New York, New York, for Amicus The New York Times Company; Kurt Wimmer , Covington & Burling, LP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Newspaper Association of America; Randy L. Shapiro , The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC, New York, New York, for Amicus The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC; Kathleen A. Kirby , Wiley Rein & Fielding LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Radio Television Digital News Association; Lucy A. Dalglish , Gregg P. Leslie , Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Arlington, Virginia, for Amicus Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; Shmuel R. Bulka , Reuters America LLC, New York, New York, for Amicus Reuters America LLC; Andrew B. Lachow , Time Inc., New York, New York, for Amicus Time Inc.; David S. Bralow , Karen H. Flax , Karlene W. Goller , Tribune Company, Chicago, Illinois, for Amicus Tribune Company; Eric N. Lieberman , James A. McLaughlin , The Washington Post, Washington, D.C., for Amicus The Washington Post; Robert A. Feinberg , WNET, New York, New York, for Amicus WNET.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded by published opinion. Chief Judge TRAXLER wrote the opinion for the court in Part I, in which Judge GREGORY and Judge DIAZ joined. Chief Judge TRAXLER wrote the opinion for the court in Parts II-V, in which Judge DIAZ joined. Judge GREGORY wrote the opinion for the court in Part VI, in which Chief Judge TRAXLER and Judge DIAZ joined. Judge GREGORY wrote the opinion for the court in Part VII, in which Judge DIAZ joined. Chief Judge TRAXLER wrote an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part as to Part VII. Judge GREGORY wrote an opinion dissenting as to Parts II-V.


TRAXLER, Chief Judge:

Jeffrey Sterling is a former CIA agent who has been indicted for, inter alia, the unauthorized retention and disclosure of national defense information, in violation of the Espionage Act, 18 U.S.C. § 793(d) & (e). The indictment followed the grand jury's probable cause determination that Sterling illegally disclosed classified information about a covert CIA operation pertaining to the Iranian nuclear weapons operation to James...

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