ANDREWS v. U.S.

Nos. 95-3377 to 95-3405.

121 F.3d 1430 (1997)

Gloria J. ANDREWS, et al., Plaintiffs, Donald Robert Woodman, Individually and as Next Friend of Scott Forrest Woodman and as personal representative for the Estate of Yvonne E. Woodman, Yvonne E. Woodman, Deceased, Scott Forrest Woodman, Candra Dawn Woodman, Steven Dwight Woodman, Seaman Apprentice, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant-Cross-Appellees, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Counter-Defendants-Cross-Defendants, Refuse Services, Inc., Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Defendant, Duval Garbage Company, Defendant. Alvin Lindsey SPEICHER, Gail P. Speicher, Alvin Lindsey Speicher, Jr., Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, Skyler R. Speicher, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Cross-Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Counter-Defendants-Cross-Defendants. Virginia Hansen SMITH, as personal representative for the Estate of Michael Stramel, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, Michael Stramel, Plaintiff, Tina M. McBeth, Chris Hansen, Jill Hansen Leslie, Eva E. Stramel, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants. v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant, Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants Cross-Defendants. Gloria E. BRASWELL, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant, Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants-Counter-Defendants. Carroll PITTMAN, Carolyn J. Pittman, Michael K. Pittman, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Donald E. LEONARD, Jr., Virginia M. Leonard, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, Donald E. Leonard, deceased, Plaintiff-Cross-Appellant, Wanda Leonard Harrison, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. James E. JOHNSON, Dorothy T. Johnson, Terrance C. Johnson, Jimmy E. Johnson, Jimmy E. Johnson, Jr., Eugene B. Johnson, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Clifton A. TODD, Jeanette A. Todd, Troy A. Todd, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants, Counter-Defendants. Albert Ike NOLAN, Jeanne Nolan, Carol Lynn Nolan, Adrienne Patience Nolan, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Neal THOMSEN, Jewell Thomsen, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Evelyn Cauler THIELE, Trisha Ann Hill, Robert Craig Hill, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Rayford E. TERRELL, Glenda C. Terrell, Melissa Gail Terrell, Ray Eugene Terrell, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Boy Elija H. O'STEEN, Jr., Joan Marie O'Steen, Boy Elijah O'Steen, III, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Charlie Raymond SMITH, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Janie L. HANSLEY, Janie P. Hansley, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants, Counter-Defendants. Neil HANSEN, Gretchen Hansen, Travis Earl Thornton, Jr., Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Henry VORPE, Jr., Judy G. Vorpe, Christi D. Vorpe, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Vivian E. GORE, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, Wiley H. Gore, Plaintiff, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Richard Lawrence GATZ, Carol Ann Gatz, Cheryl Lea Gatz, Richard L. Gatz, Jr., Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. John P. BUETTGEN, Janice Buettgen, Dawn Buettgen, Plaintiff-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, Jody Buettgen, Plaintiff-Appellee, Kenneth Buettgen, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Stephen BRANNEN, Misty Vell Brannen, Stephanie Jo Brannen, Sherrie Faye Brannen, Melissa Brannen McDaniel, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Patricia A. GUY, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. John M. FLORES, Florence Flores, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, Patricia Jo Bell, as personal representative for the Estate of Florence Flores, deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Theresa A. MOODY, Sonja J. Puhlick, deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Clara HERRICK, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, Frank Herrick, as personal representative of the Estate of Clara Herrick, deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Gloria J. ANDREWS, a.k.a. Gloria J. Andrews Ellison, Plaintiff-Cross-Appellant, Jerry Wayne Gayle, Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant, Joan M. O'Steen, as personal representative of the Estate of Gloria J. Andrews Ellison, deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants-Counter-Defendants. Kenneth BELL, Sr., Plaintiff-Appellant, Deborah Bell, Robert Bell, Kenneth Bell, Jr., Jimmy Bell, Plaintiffs, Jerry Bell, Patricia J. Bell, Matthew Bell, Michelle Bell, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Henry Bell, Dolly Bell, deceased, James Richard Bell, Victoria Mae Bell, James R. Bell, Jr., Jamie Michelle Bell, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Carol Lynn REGISTER, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants. Albert G. BELZ, Betty Belz, John Clarence Belz, Plaintiffs, Frederick G. Belz, I, Frederick G. Belz, II, Suzanne E. Belz, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Robert J. Belz, William B. Belz, Plaintiffs, Frederick G. Belz, III, Plaintiff-Appellant, Mary M. Belz, Joshua Belz, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Cross-Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee, Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., Refuse Services, Inc., Defendants-Cross-Claimants-Cross-Defendants.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

September 17, 1997.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Frank W. Hunger, Asst. Atty. Gen., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Civil Div., Washington, DC, Charles Wilson, U.S. Atty., Tampa, FL, J. Patrick Glynn, Director, Joann J. Bordeaux, Deputy Director, S. Michael Scadron, Trial Attorney, Environmental Torts, Civil Div., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for U.S., Waste Control of Florida, Inc., Waste Management, Inc., and Refuse Services, Inc., in all cases.

Merrill G. Davidoff, David F. Sorensen, Berger & Montague, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, Ronald Simon, Simon & Associates, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs, in Nos. 95-3377 to 95-3388.

Ron Simon, Simon & Associates, Washington, DC, Merrill G. Davidoff, Berger & Montague, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiffs, in Nos. 95-3389 to 95-3402.

Merrill G. Davidoff, Berger & Montague, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, Erwin A. Sherman, Louisville, KY, Ron Simon, Simon & Associates, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs, in Nos. 95-3403 to 95-3405.

Before DUBINA, Circuit Judge, and HILL and GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judges.


DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

This case involves the contamination of groundwater near a Jacksonville, Florida, landfill by hazardous waste from two United States Navy bases. Plaintiffs/appellees/cross-appellants ("plaintiffs") are current and former residents of a semi-rural neighborhood surrounding the landfill. They sued the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-2680, for damages resulting from the contamination. After a...

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